How do flux estimates from CarbonTracker CT2022 compare with previous releases?

The tables below summarize the estimated surface fluxes for combined natural sources and fossil fuel burning from the current CarbonTracker release (CT2022) and the previous releases (CT2019B, CT2017, CT2016, CT2015, CT2013B, CT2013, CT2011_oi, CT2010, CT2009, CT2008, and CT2007B). The uncertainty in the estimates is the one standard deviation from the filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1 (1015 gC yr-1, or billion metric ton C yr-1, or 3.7 billion metric ton CO2 yr-1). Note that 2000 is excluded from long-term means as we consider it a "spin-up" year for our analysis.

CT2022 vs. CT2019B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2022 vs. CT2017
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2022 vs. CT2016
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2022 vs. CT2015
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2022 vs. CT2013B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2022 vs. CT2013
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2022 vs. CT2011_oi
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2022 vs. CT2010
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2022 vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2022 vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2022 vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2019B vs. CT2017
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2019B vs. CT2016
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2019B vs. CT2015
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2019B vs. CT2013B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2019B vs. CT2013
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2019B vs. CT2011_oi
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2019B vs. CT2010
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2019B vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2019B vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2019B vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2017 vs. CT2016
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2017 vs. CT2015
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2017 vs. CT2013B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2017 vs. CT2013
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2017 vs. CT2011_oi
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2017 vs. CT2010
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2017 vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2017 vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2017 vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2016 vs. CT2015
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2016 vs. CT2013B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2016 vs. CT2013
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2016 vs. CT2011_oi
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2016 vs. CT2010
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2016 vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2016 vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2016 vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2015 vs. CT2013B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2015 vs. CT2013
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2015 vs. CT2011_oi
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2015 vs. CT2010
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2015 vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2015 vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2015 vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013 vs. CT2013B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013B vs. CT2011_oi
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013B vs. CT2010
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013B vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013B vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013B vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013 vs. CT2011_oi
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013 vs. CT2010
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013 vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013 vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013 vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2011_oi vs. CT2010
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2011_oi vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2011_oi vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2011_oi vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2010 vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2010 vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2010 vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2009 vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2009 vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2008 vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux







Table 1: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2022 compared to CT2019B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2020	2001-2018
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2019B
North American Boreal	-0.25 ± 0.27	-0.26 ± 0.27	-0.24 ± 0.28
North American Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.26	-0.39 ± 0.26	-0.34 ± 0.28
South American Tropical	0.24 ± 0.44	0.22 ± 0.44	0.25 ± 0.53
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.37	-0.05 ± 0.37	-0.05 ± 0.37
Northern Africa	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.16 ± 0.35
Southern Africa	0.33 ± 0.24	0.32 ± 0.25	0.28 ± 0.29
Eurasia Boreal	-0.68 ± 0.72	-0.67 ± 0.68	-0.71 ± 0.80
Eurasia Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.46	-0.22 ± 0.47	-0.54 ± 0.50
Tropical Asia	0.19 ± 0.14	0.19 ± 0.14	0.21 ± 0.14
Australia	0.02 ± 0.10	0.02 ± 0.10	0.03 ± 0.10
Europe	-0.05 ± 0.62	-0.04 ± 0.60	-0.06 ± 0.60
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.63	-0.68 ± 0.62	-0.68 ± 0.61
West Pacific Tropical	-0.02 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.08	-0.01 ± 0.09
East Pacific Tropical	0.48 ± 0.43	0.49 ± 0.43	0.37 ± 0.42
South Pacific Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.54 ± 0.37
Northern Ocean	-0.46 ± 0.37	-0.47 ± 0.37	-0.42 ± 0.34
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.46	-0.44 ± 0.45	-0.33 ± 0.40
Atlantic Tropical	0.08 ± 0.20	0.08 ± 0.20	0.06 ± 0.17
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.47 ± 0.26
Southern Ocean	-0.51 ± 0.42	-0.48 ± 0.41	-0.55 ± 0.39
Indian Tropical	0.06 ± 0.21	0.07 ± 0.21	0.05 ± 0.18
South Indian Temperate	-0.61 ± 0.33	-0.60 ± 0.33	-0.46 ± 0.31
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2018
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2019B
Northern Land	-1.60 ± 1.11	-1.58 ± 1.08	-1.89 ± 1.18
Northern Oceans	-1.59 ± 0.87	-1.59 ± 0.86	-1.43 ± 0.82
Northern	-3.19 ± 1.42	-3.17 ± 1.38	-3.32 ± 1.44
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 0.62	0.26 ± 0.62	0.30 ± 0.69
Tropical Ocean	0.61 ± 0.50	0.63 ± 0.51	0.47 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.90 ± 0.80	0.89 ± 0.81	0.77 ± 0.85
Southern Land	0.32 ± 0.50	0.29 ± 0.51	0.26 ± 0.53
Ocean in South	-2.07 ± 0.69	-2.02 ± 0.68	-2.01 ± 0.67
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.86	-1.73 ± 0.86	-1.75 ± 0.87
Americas	-0.45 ± 0.70	-0.48 ± 0.71	-0.37 ± 0.83
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.32 ± 0.67	-1.32 ± 0.66	-1.15 ± 0.60
Eurasia and Africa	0.14 ± 0.76	0.13 ± 0.74	0.05 ± 0.78
Indian Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.53 ± 0.39	-0.41 ± 0.36
Asia	-0.68 ± 0.87	-0.69 ± 0.84	-1.02 ± 0.96
Pacific Ocean	-0.68 ± 0.82	-0.66 ± 0.82	-0.86 ± 0.79
All Land	-0.99 ± 1.45	-1.03 ± 1.43	-1.34 ± 1.62
All Ocean	-3.06 ± 1.25	-2.98 ± 1.23	-2.97 ± 1.14
Global	-4.05 ± 1.92	-4.01 ± 1.89	-4.31 ± 1.96
North America	-0.66 ± 0.38	-0.64 ± 0.38	-0.57 ± 0.40
Extratropical Eurasia	-0.94 ± 1.05	-0.94 ± 1.01	-1.32 ± 1.12
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.13 ± 0.77	-1.12 ± 0.76	-1.01 ± 0.72
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.56 ± 0.56	-1.55 ± 0.56	-1.46 ± 0.58
Tropical and Southern Land	0.61 ± 0.86	0.55 ± 0.88	0.56 ± 1.03
Tropical Pacific	0.47 ± 0.43	0.47 ± 0.43	0.36 ± 0.43
Temperate Oceans	-2.69 ± 0.96	-2.66 ± 0.94	-2.48 ± 0.89
High Latitude Oceans	-0.98 ± 0.57	-0.95 ± 0.56	-0.97 ± 0.53
Extratropical Oceans	-3.67 ± 1.15	-3.61 ± 1.13	-3.44 ± 1.05
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.46 ± 0.85	-1.40 ± 0.84	-1.54 ± 0.85
Northern Boreal Land	-0.93 ± 0.77	-0.93 ± 0.74	-0.95 ± 0.85
Northern Temperate Land	-0.67 ± 0.83	-0.65 ± 0.82	-0.95 ± 0.84
Tropical land minus northern land	1.89 ± 1.27	1.84 ± 1.24	2.19 ± 1.35
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.39 ± 0.87	-1.40 ± 0.84	-1.36 ± 0.93
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.80 ± 1.14	-1.76 ± 1.12	-1.96 ± 1.11
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.24 ± 0.75	-1.26 ± 0.76	-1.21 ± 0.80
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.85 ± 1.23	-0.99 ± 1.34
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.84	2.32 ± 1.82	2.34 ± 1.98
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.21 ± 1.39	2.13 ± 1.37	2.45 ± 1.53







Table 2: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2022 compared to CT2019B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2020	2001-2018
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2019B
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.65	1.66	1.72
South American Tropical	0.12	0.12	0.11
South American Temperate	0.17	0.17	0.18
Northern Africa	0.17	0.17	0.17
Southern Africa	0.14	0.14	0.15
Eurasia Boreal	0.21	0.21	0.23
Eurasia Temperate	3.39	3.29	3.36
Tropical Asia	0.61	0.59	0.68
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.45	1.45
North Pacific Temperate	0.33	0.33	0.32
West Pacific Tropical	0.03	0.03	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.08
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.05
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.15	0.15	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2018
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2019B
Northern Land	6.71	6.64	6.80
Northern Oceans	0.48	0.48	0.44
Northern	7.19	7.12	7.24
Tropical Land	0.90	0.88	0.97
Tropical Ocean	0.25	0.24	0.17
Tropical	1.15	1.12	1.14
Southern Land	0.41	0.41	0.43
Ocean in South	0.05	0.05	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.46	0.46
Americas	1.97	1.99	2.05
Atlantic and Arctic	0.21	0.21	0.17
Eurasia and Africa	1.75	1.76	1.77
Indian Ocean	0.17	0.17	0.10
Asia	4.31	4.18	4.38
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.39	0.37
All Land	8.03	7.93	8.19
All Ocean	0.78	0.77	0.65
Global	8.80	8.70	8.84
North America	1.68	1.69	1.75
Extratropical Eurasia	5.03	4.95	5.05
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.43	0.40
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.32	1.29	1.39
Tropical Pacific	0.05	0.04	0.03
Temperate Oceans	0.48	0.48	0.44
High Latitude Oceans	0.05	0.05	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.53	0.53	0.48
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.30	0.29	0.21
Northern Boreal Land	0.24	0.24	0.26
Northern Temperate Land	6.47	6.40	6.54
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.81	-5.76	-5.83
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.29	0.29	0.30
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.90	6.83	6.94
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.46	0.46
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.61	1.58	1.60
Tropics and south minus north	-5.58	-5.54	-5.64
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.35	-5.40







Table 3: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2022 compared to CT2017, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2020	2001-2016
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2017
North American Boreal	-0.25 ± 0.27	-0.26 ± 0.27	-0.21 ± 0.83
North American Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.26	-0.38 ± 0.25	-0.30 ± 0.56
South American Tropical	0.24 ± 0.44	0.22 ± 0.45	0.28 ± 1.44
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.37	-0.06 ± 0.38	-0.07 ± 1.06
Northern Africa	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.20 ± 1.13
Southern Africa	0.33 ± 0.24	0.32 ± 0.25	0.06 ± 0.68
Eurasia Boreal	-0.68 ± 0.72	-0.70 ± 0.69	-0.80 ± 2.27
Eurasia Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.46	-0.21 ± 0.47	-0.68 ± 1.78
Tropical Asia	0.19 ± 0.14	0.20 ± 0.13	0.12 ± 0.45
Australia	0.02 ± 0.10	0.02 ± 0.11	0.06 ± 0.33
Europe	-0.05 ± 0.62	-0.03 ± 0.60	0.06 ± 2.02
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.63	-0.65 ± 0.60	-0.52 ± 0.41
West Pacific Tropical	-0.02 ± 0.09	-0.00 ± 0.08	-0.00 ± 0.08
East Pacific Tropical	0.48 ± 0.43	0.50 ± 0.44	0.36 ± 0.43
South Pacific Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.44 ± 0.35	-0.47 ± 0.34
Northern Ocean	-0.46 ± 0.37	-0.48 ± 0.37	-0.40 ± 0.27
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.46	-0.43 ± 0.45	-0.29 ± 0.32
Atlantic Tropical	0.08 ± 0.20	0.09 ± 0.21	0.10 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.42 ± 0.22
Southern Ocean	-0.51 ± 0.42	-0.46 ± 0.40	-0.50 ± 0.29
Indian Tropical	0.06 ± 0.21	0.07 ± 0.21	0.10 ± 0.18
South Indian Temperate	-0.61 ± 0.33	-0.58 ± 0.32	-0.40 ± 0.25
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2016
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2017
Northern Land	-1.60 ± 1.11	-1.57 ± 1.09	-1.93 ± 3.72
Northern Oceans	-1.59 ± 0.87	-1.56 ± 0.84	-1.21 ± 0.59
Northern	-3.19 ± 1.42	-3.13 ± 1.38	-3.14 ± 3.76
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 0.62	0.27 ± 0.64	0.20 ± 1.90
Tropical Ocean	0.61 ± 0.50	0.66 ± 0.52	0.55 ± 0.47
Tropical	0.90 ± 0.80	0.93 ± 0.82	0.75 ± 1.94
Southern Land	0.32 ± 0.50	0.29 ± 0.51	0.05 ± 1.35
Ocean in South	-2.07 ± 0.69	-1.97 ± 0.68	-1.80 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.86	-1.68 ± 0.85	-1.75 ± 1.50
Americas	-0.45 ± 0.70	-0.48 ± 0.73	-0.30 ± 2.13
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.32 ± 0.67	-1.31 ± 0.66	-1.02 ± 0.49
Eurasia and Africa	0.14 ± 0.76	0.15 ± 0.75	-0.08 ± 2.42
Indian Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.51 ± 0.39	-0.30 ± 0.30
Asia	-0.68 ± 0.87	-0.69 ± 0.85	-1.29 ± 2.97
Pacific Ocean	-0.68 ± 0.82	-0.59 ± 0.81	-0.63 ± 0.67
All Land	-0.99 ± 1.45	-1.01 ± 1.46	-1.68 ± 4.47
All Ocean	-3.06 ± 1.25	-2.87 ± 1.20	-2.46 ± 1.03
Global	-4.05 ± 1.92	-3.88 ± 1.89	-4.14 ± 4.57
North America	-0.66 ± 0.38	-0.64 ± 0.39	-0.51 ± 1.01
Extratropical Eurasia	-0.94 ± 1.05	-0.94 ± 1.02	-1.42 ± 3.57
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.13 ± 0.77	-1.08 ± 0.73	-0.81 ± 0.51
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.56 ± 0.56	-1.51 ± 0.55	-1.30 ± 0.56
Tropical and Southern Land	0.61 ± 0.86	0.56 ± 0.90	0.25 ± 2.46
Tropical Pacific	0.47 ± 0.43	0.50 ± 0.45	0.36 ± 0.44
Temperate Oceans	-2.69 ± 0.96	-2.58 ± 0.92	-2.11 ± 0.74
High Latitude Oceans	-0.98 ± 0.57	-0.94 ± 0.56	-0.90 ± 0.39
Extratropical Oceans	-3.67 ± 1.15	-3.52 ± 1.10	-3.01 ± 0.86
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.46 ± 0.85	-1.31 ± 0.84	-1.25 ± 0.90
Northern Boreal Land	-0.93 ± 0.77	-0.96 ± 0.75	-1.01 ± 2.44
Northern Temperate Land	-0.67 ± 0.83	-0.62 ± 0.82	-0.92 ± 2.76
Tropical land minus northern land	1.89 ± 1.27	1.85 ± 1.25	2.14 ± 4.18
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.39 ± 0.87	-1.44 ± 0.85	-1.41 ± 2.46
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.80 ± 1.14	-1.69 ± 1.10	-1.73 ± 2.81
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.24 ± 0.75	-1.22 ± 0.76	-1.25 ± 1.46
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.75 ± 1.24	-1.00 ± 2.60
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.84	2.38 ± 1.83	2.14 ± 4.62
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.21 ± 1.39	2.14 ± 1.38	2.19 ± 4.47







Table 4: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2022 compared to CT2017, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2020	2001-2016
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2017
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.65	1.67	1.70
South American Tropical	0.12	0.12	0.11
South American Temperate	0.17	0.17	0.18
Northern Africa	0.17	0.16	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.14	0.14
Eurasia Boreal	0.21	0.20	0.23
Eurasia Temperate	3.39	3.17	3.21
Tropical Asia	0.61	0.56	0.66
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.46	1.43
North Pacific Temperate	0.33	0.32	0.36
West Pacific Tropical	0.03	0.03	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.10
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.06
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.15	0.15	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2016
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2017
Northern Land	6.71	6.54	6.61
Northern Oceans	0.48	0.47	0.50
Northern	7.19	7.01	7.11
Tropical Land	0.90	0.85	0.93
Tropical Ocean	0.25	0.23	0.19
Tropical	1.15	1.08	1.11
Southern Land	0.41	0.40	0.42
Ocean in South	0.05	0.05	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.45	0.46
Americas	1.97	1.99	2.02
Atlantic and Arctic	0.21	0.21	0.20
Eurasia and Africa	1.75	1.76	1.74
Indian Ocean	0.17	0.16	0.11
Asia	4.31	4.04	4.20
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.38	0.41
All Land	8.03	7.79	7.96
All Ocean	0.78	0.76	0.72
Global	8.80	8.55	8.68
North America	1.68	1.70	1.73
Extratropical Eurasia	5.03	4.84	4.88
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.42	0.45
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.32	1.25	1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.05	0.04	0.04
Temperate Oceans	0.48	0.47	0.49
High Latitude Oceans	0.05	0.05	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.53	0.52	0.54
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.30	0.28	0.23
Northern Boreal Land	0.24	0.23	0.26
Northern Temperate Land	6.47	6.31	6.35
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.81	-5.69	-5.68
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.29	0.28	0.30
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.90	6.73	6.81
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.45	0.46
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.61	1.53	1.57
Tropics and south minus north	-5.58	-5.48	-5.53
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.29	-5.26







Table 5: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2022 compared to CT2016, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2020	2001-2015
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2016
North American Boreal	-0.25 ± 0.27	-0.26 ± 0.28	-0.14 ± 0.87
North American Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.26	-0.38 ± 0.26	-0.35 ± 0.90
South American Tropical	0.24 ± 0.44	0.19 ± 0.46	0.17 ± 1.61
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.37	-0.06 ± 0.38	-0.11 ± 0.86
Northern Africa	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.16 ± 0.35	-0.19 ± 1.32
Southern Africa	0.33 ± 0.24	0.32 ± 0.25	0.11 ± 0.64
Eurasia Boreal	-0.68 ± 0.72	-0.70 ± 0.70	-1.00 ± 4.23
Eurasia Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.46	-0.21 ± 0.47	-0.43 ± 1.61
Tropical Asia	0.19 ± 0.14	0.20 ± 0.13	0.09 ± 0.68
Australia	0.02 ± 0.10	0.02 ± 0.11	0.12 ± 0.25
Europe	-0.05 ± 0.62	-0.05 ± 0.60	0.10 ± 2.30
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.63	-0.65 ± 0.60	-0.55 ± 0.51
West Pacific Tropical	-0.02 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.08	-0.01 ± 0.10
East Pacific Tropical	0.48 ± 0.43	0.50 ± 0.44	0.43 ± 0.42
South Pacific Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.43 ± 0.35	-0.47 ± 0.43
Northern Ocean	-0.46 ± 0.37	-0.46 ± 0.36	-0.27 ± 0.27
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.46	-0.40 ± 0.44	-0.27 ± 0.34
Atlantic Tropical	0.08 ± 0.20	0.09 ± 0.21	0.10 ± 0.13
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.50 ± 0.24	-0.38 ± 0.27
Southern Ocean	-0.51 ± 0.42	-0.44 ± 0.39	-0.43 ± 0.33
Indian Tropical	0.06 ± 0.21	0.08 ± 0.22	0.12 ± 0.19
South Indian Temperate	-0.61 ± 0.33	-0.59 ± 0.32	-0.62 ± 0.45
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2015
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2016
Northern Land	-1.60 ± 1.11	-1.60 ± 1.09	-1.83 ± 5.27
Northern Oceans	-1.59 ± 0.87	-1.51 ± 0.83	-1.10 ± 0.68
Northern	-3.19 ± 1.42	-3.11 ± 1.37	-2.93 ± 5.32
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 0.62	0.23 ± 0.64	0.07 ± 2.19
Tropical Ocean	0.61 ± 0.50	0.66 ± 0.52	0.64 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.90 ± 0.80	0.89 ± 0.83	0.71 ± 2.25
Southern Land	0.32 ± 0.50	0.28 ± 0.52	0.12 ± 1.11
Ocean in South	-2.07 ± 0.69	-1.96 ± 0.68	-1.90 ± 0.82
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.86	-1.68 ± 0.86	-1.78 ± 1.38
Americas	-0.45 ± 0.70	-0.51 ± 0.74	-0.43 ± 2.24
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.32 ± 0.67	-1.27 ± 0.65	-0.82 ± 0.54
Eurasia and Africa	0.14 ± 0.76	0.10 ± 0.75	0.02 ± 2.73
Indian Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.50 ± 0.39	-0.51 ± 0.48
Asia	-0.68 ± 0.87	-0.69 ± 0.85	-1.22 ± 4.59
Pacific Ocean	-0.68 ± 0.82	-0.59 ± 0.81	-0.60 ± 0.79
All Land	-0.99 ± 1.45	-1.09 ± 1.47	-1.64 ± 5.82
All Ocean	-3.06 ± 1.25	-2.81 ± 1.19	-2.36 ± 1.20
Global	-4.05 ± 1.92	-3.90 ± 1.89	-4.00 ± 5.94
North America	-0.66 ± 0.38	-0.64 ± 0.39	-0.49 ± 1.25
Extratropical Eurasia	-0.94 ± 1.05	-0.96 ± 1.03	-1.34 ± 5.10
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.13 ± 0.77	-1.05 ± 0.73	-0.82 ± 0.62
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.56 ± 0.56	-1.52 ± 0.55	-1.48 ± 0.75
Tropical and Southern Land	0.61 ± 0.86	0.51 ± 0.91	0.19 ± 2.46
Tropical Pacific	0.47 ± 0.43	0.49 ± 0.44	0.42 ± 0.44
Temperate Oceans	-2.69 ± 0.96	-2.56 ± 0.91	-2.30 ± 0.97
High Latitude Oceans	-0.98 ± 0.57	-0.91 ± 0.54	-0.70 ± 0.42
Extratropical Oceans	-3.67 ± 1.15	-3.47 ± 1.09	-3.00 ± 1.09
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.46 ± 0.85	-1.30 ± 0.84	-1.26 ± 0.97
Northern Boreal Land	-0.93 ± 0.77	-0.96 ± 0.75	-1.14 ± 4.34
Northern Temperate Land	-0.67 ± 0.83	-0.65 ± 0.82	-0.69 ± 2.98
Tropical land minus northern land	1.89 ± 1.27	1.83 ± 1.26	1.89 ± 5.72
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.39 ± 0.87	-1.42 ± 0.85	-1.41 ± 4.34
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.80 ± 1.14	-1.69 ± 1.10	-1.51 ± 3.05
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.24 ± 0.75	-1.24 ± 0.76	-1.35 ± 1.34
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.79 ± 1.25	-1.07 ± 2.64
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.84	2.32 ± 1.82	1.85 ± 5.94
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.21 ± 1.39	2.11 ± 1.39	2.02 ± 5.82







Table 6: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2022 compared to CT2016, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2020	2001-2015
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2016
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.65	1.68	1.71
South American Tropical	0.12	0.12	0.11
South American Temperate	0.17	0.16	0.17
Northern Africa	0.17	0.16	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.14	0.14
Eurasia Boreal	0.21	0.20	0.23
Eurasia Temperate	3.39	3.11	3.13
Tropical Asia	0.61	0.55	0.64
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.47	1.45
North Pacific Temperate	0.33	0.32	0.36
West Pacific Tropical	0.03	0.03	0.03
East Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.10
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.06
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.15	0.14	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2015
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2016
Northern Land	6.71	6.49	6.54
Northern Oceans	0.48	0.47	0.50
Northern	7.19	6.96	7.04
Tropical Land	0.90	0.83	0.91
Tropical Ocean	0.25	0.23	0.19
Tropical	1.15	1.06	1.10
Southern Land	0.41	0.40	0.41
Ocean in South	0.05	0.05	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.45	0.45
Americas	1.97	1.99	2.02
Atlantic and Arctic	0.21	0.21	0.21
Eurasia and Africa	1.75	1.76	1.75
Indian Ocean	0.17	0.16	0.11
Asia	4.31	3.97	4.09
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.38	0.42
All Land	8.03	7.72	7.86
All Ocean	0.78	0.75	0.73
Global	8.80	8.47	8.60
North America	1.68	1.71	1.73
Extratropical Eurasia	5.03	4.78	4.81
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.42	0.46
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.32	1.23	1.32
Tropical Pacific	0.05	0.04	0.04
Temperate Oceans	0.48	0.47	0.50
High Latitude Oceans	0.05	0.05	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.53	0.52	0.54
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.30	0.28	0.23
Northern Boreal Land	0.24	0.23	0.26
Northern Temperate Land	6.47	6.26	6.28
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.81	-5.66	-5.63
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.29	0.28	0.30
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.90	6.68	6.74
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.45	0.45
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.61	1.51	1.55
Tropics and south minus north	-5.58	-5.45	-5.49
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.26	-5.22







Table 7: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2022 compared to CT2015, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2020	2001-2014
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2015
North American Boreal	-0.25 ± 0.27	-0.26 ± 0.28	-0.13 ± 0.86
North American Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.26	-0.40 ± 0.26	-0.36 ± 0.91
South American Tropical	0.24 ± 0.44	0.19 ± 0.45	0.36 ± 1.58
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.37	-0.08 ± 0.38	-0.14 ± 0.86
Northern Africa	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.16 ± 0.35	-0.16 ± 1.40
Southern Africa	0.33 ± 0.24	0.31 ± 0.25	-0.09 ± 0.69
Eurasia Boreal	-0.68 ± 0.72	-0.69 ± 0.70	-0.98 ± 4.23
Eurasia Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.46	-0.23 ± 0.47	-0.53 ± 1.60
Tropical Asia	0.19 ± 0.14	0.19 ± 0.13	0.24 ± 0.70
Australia	0.02 ± 0.10	0.02 ± 0.11	0.09 ± 0.27
Europe	-0.05 ± 0.62	-0.06 ± 0.60	0.06 ± 2.32
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.63	-0.64 ± 0.59	-0.54 ± 0.50
West Pacific Tropical	-0.02 ± 0.09	-0.00 ± 0.08	0.00 ± 0.10
East Pacific Tropical	0.48 ± 0.43	0.50 ± 0.43	0.42 ± 0.42
South Pacific Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.43 ± 0.35	-0.47 ± 0.43
Northern Ocean	-0.46 ± 0.37	-0.45 ± 0.37	-0.25 ± 0.25
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.46	-0.39 ± 0.43	-0.27 ± 0.34
Atlantic Tropical	0.08 ± 0.20	0.09 ± 0.21	0.11 ± 0.13
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.51 ± 0.25	-0.41 ± 0.28
Southern Ocean	-0.51 ± 0.42	-0.44 ± 0.39	-0.43 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.06 ± 0.21	0.08 ± 0.22	0.13 ± 0.19
South Indian Temperate	-0.61 ± 0.33	-0.59 ± 0.32	-0.63 ± 0.45
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2014
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2015
Northern Land	-1.60 ± 1.11	-1.64 ± 1.10	-1.93 ± 5.28
Northern Oceans	-1.59 ± 0.87	-1.48 ± 0.82	-1.06 ± 0.66
Northern	-3.19 ± 1.42	-3.12 ± 1.38	-2.99 ± 5.32
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 0.62	0.22 ± 0.65	0.45 ± 2.22
Tropical Ocean	0.61 ± 0.50	0.66 ± 0.52	0.67 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.90 ± 0.80	0.88 ± 0.83	1.12 ± 2.27
Southern Land	0.32 ± 0.50	0.26 ± 0.52	-0.15 ± 1.14
Ocean in South	-2.07 ± 0.69	-1.95 ± 0.67	-1.94 ± 0.82
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.86	-1.69 ± 0.85	-2.09 ± 1.41
Americas	-0.45 ± 0.70	-0.55 ± 0.74	-0.27 ± 2.21
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.32 ± 0.67	-1.26 ± 0.65	-0.82 ± 0.53
Eurasia and Africa	0.14 ± 0.76	0.09 ± 0.76	-0.19 ± 2.81
Indian Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.51 ± 0.39	-0.50 ± 0.49
Asia	-0.68 ± 0.87	-0.70 ± 0.86	-1.17 ± 4.59
Pacific Ocean	-0.68 ± 0.82	-0.57 ± 0.80	-0.59 ± 0.78
All Land	-0.99 ± 1.45	-1.17 ± 1.48	-1.63 ± 5.84
All Ocean	-3.06 ± 1.25	-2.77 ± 1.19	-2.33 ± 1.19
Global	-4.05 ± 1.92	-3.94 ± 1.90	-3.96 ± 5.96
North America	-0.66 ± 0.38	-0.66 ± 0.39	-0.49 ± 1.25
Extratropical Eurasia	-0.94 ± 1.05	-0.98 ± 1.04	-1.45 ± 5.10
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.13 ± 0.77	-1.03 ± 0.72	-0.81 ± 0.61
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.56 ± 0.56	-1.52 ± 0.55	-1.52 ± 0.75
Tropical and Southern Land	0.61 ± 0.86	0.48 ± 0.91	0.30 ± 2.50
Tropical Pacific	0.47 ± 0.43	0.50 ± 0.44	0.42 ± 0.44
Temperate Oceans	-2.69 ± 0.96	-2.54 ± 0.91	-2.32 ± 0.97
High Latitude Oceans	-0.98 ± 0.57	-0.89 ± 0.54	-0.68 ± 0.41
Extratropical Oceans	-3.67 ± 1.15	-3.43 ± 1.09	-3.00 ± 1.08
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.46 ± 0.85	-1.29 ± 0.83	-1.28 ± 0.97
Northern Boreal Land	-0.93 ± 0.77	-0.95 ± 0.76	-1.11 ± 4.33
Northern Temperate Land	-0.67 ± 0.83	-0.69 ± 0.82	-0.83 ± 3.00
Tropical land minus northern land	1.89 ± 1.27	1.86 ± 1.27	2.39 ± 5.73
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.39 ± 0.87	-1.40 ± 0.86	-1.36 ± 4.34
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.80 ± 1.14	-1.72 ± 1.10	-1.64 ± 3.06
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.24 ± 0.75	-1.26 ± 0.76	-1.66 ± 1.37
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.82 ± 1.24	-0.97 ± 2.68
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.84	2.31 ± 1.82	2.02 ± 5.96
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.21 ± 1.39	2.12 ± 1.39	2.24 ± 5.85







Table 8: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2022 compared to CT2015, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2020	2001-2014
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2015
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.65	1.69	1.74
South American Tropical	0.12	0.12	0.11
South American Temperate	0.17	0.16	0.17
Northern Africa	0.17	0.16	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.14	0.14
Eurasia Boreal	0.21	0.20	0.20
Eurasia Temperate	3.39	3.04	3.03
Tropical Asia	0.61	0.54	0.62
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.48	1.48
North Pacific Temperate	0.33	0.32	0.36
West Pacific Tropical	0.03	0.03	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.05
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.10
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.06
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.15	0.14	0.10
South Indian Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2014
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2015
Northern Land	6.71	6.44	6.48
Northern Oceans	0.48	0.47	0.50
Northern	7.19	6.90	6.98
Tropical Land	0.90	0.82	0.90
Tropical Ocean	0.25	0.23	0.19
Tropical	1.15	1.04	1.09
Southern Land	0.41	0.40	0.41
Ocean in South	0.05	0.05	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.44	0.45
Americas	1.97	2.00	2.05
Atlantic and Arctic	0.21	0.21	0.21
Eurasia and Africa	1.75	1.77	1.78
Indian Ocean	0.17	0.16	0.11
Asia	4.31	3.88	3.95
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.37	0.41
All Land	8.03	7.65	7.78
All Ocean	0.78	0.74	0.73
Global	8.80	8.39	8.51
North America	1.68	1.72	1.77
Extratropical Eurasia	5.03	4.72	4.71
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.42	0.46
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.32	1.21	1.31
Tropical Pacific	0.05	0.04	0.04
Temperate Oceans	0.48	0.46	0.50
High Latitude Oceans	0.05	0.05	0.05
Extratropical Oceans	0.53	0.51	0.54
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.30	0.27	0.23
Northern Boreal Land	0.24	0.23	0.23
Northern Temperate Land	6.47	6.21	6.25
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.81	-5.62	-5.58
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.29	0.28	0.27
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.90	6.62	6.71
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.44	0.45
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.61	1.49	1.53
Tropics and south minus north	-5.58	-5.42	-5.45
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.23	-5.17







Table 9: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2022 compared to CT2013B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2020	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2013B
North American Boreal	-0.25 ± 0.27	-0.25 ± 0.29	-0.13 ± 0.94
North American Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.26	-0.39 ± 0.26	-0.14 ± 0.89
South American Tropical	0.24 ± 0.44	0.23 ± 0.45	-0.04 ± 1.70
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.37	-0.07 ± 0.40	-0.09 ± 1.10
Northern Africa	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.18 ± 0.36	-0.10 ± 1.06
Southern Africa	0.33 ± 0.24	0.33 ± 0.26	0.06 ± 1.17
Eurasia Boreal	-0.68 ± 0.72	-0.69 ± 0.72	-0.97 ± 3.98
Eurasia Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.46	-0.25 ± 0.48	-0.38 ± 1.40
Tropical Asia	0.19 ± 0.14	0.18 ± 0.14	0.09 ± 0.61
Australia	0.02 ± 0.10	0.03 ± 0.11	-0.00 ± 0.34
Europe	-0.05 ± 0.62	-0.00 ± 0.60	-0.12 ± 2.04
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.63	-0.66 ± 0.58	-0.52 ± 0.44
West Pacific Tropical	-0.02 ± 0.09	-0.00 ± 0.08	0.03 ± 0.09
East Pacific Tropical	0.48 ± 0.43	0.50 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.40
South Pacific Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.41 ± 0.35	-0.52 ± 0.50
Northern Ocean	-0.46 ± 0.37	-0.44 ± 0.36	-0.30 ± 0.28
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.46	-0.39 ± 0.43	-0.34 ± 0.35
Atlantic Tropical	0.08 ± 0.20	0.10 ± 0.22	0.13 ± 0.14
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.55 ± 0.26	-0.21 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.51 ± 0.42	-0.38 ± 0.36	-0.43 ± 0.33
Indian Tropical	0.06 ± 0.21	0.09 ± 0.22	0.14 ± 0.19
South Indian Temperate	-0.61 ± 0.33	-0.59 ± 0.32	-0.56 ± 0.43
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2013B
Northern Land	-1.60 ± 1.11	-1.58 ± 1.11	-1.75 ± 4.92
Northern Oceans	-1.59 ± 0.87	-1.49 ± 0.81	-1.17 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.19 ± 1.42	-3.06 ± 1.38	-2.93 ± 4.96
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 0.62	0.24 ± 0.65	-0.05 ± 2.10
Tropical Ocean	0.61 ± 0.50	0.68 ± 0.52	0.70 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.90 ± 0.80	0.91 ± 0.84	0.65 ± 2.15
Southern Land	0.32 ± 0.50	0.29 ± 0.55	-0.04 ± 1.64
Ocean in South	-2.07 ± 0.69	-1.92 ± 0.67	-1.72 ± 0.84
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.86	-1.63 ± 0.87	-1.76 ± 1.85
Americas	-0.45 ± 0.70	-0.47 ± 0.75	-0.41 ± 2.41
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.32 ± 0.67	-1.27 ± 0.65	-0.73 ± 0.54
Eurasia and Africa	0.14 ± 0.76	0.15 ± 0.76	-0.16 ± 2.58
Indian Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.50 ± 0.39	-0.41 ± 0.47
Asia	-0.68 ± 0.87	-0.72 ± 0.87	-1.27 ± 4.27
Pacific Ocean	-0.68 ± 0.82	-0.58 ± 0.80	-0.61 ± 0.77
All Land	-0.99 ± 1.45	-1.04 ± 1.50	-1.85 ± 5.60
All Ocean	-3.06 ± 1.25	-2.73 ± 1.19	-2.19 ± 1.23
Global	-4.05 ± 1.92	-3.78 ± 1.91	-4.03 ± 5.74
North America	-0.66 ± 0.38	-0.63 ± 0.41	-0.28 ± 1.29
Extratropical Eurasia	-0.94 ± 1.05	-0.94 ± 1.05	-1.48 ± 4.72
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.13 ± 0.77	-1.05 ± 0.71	-0.87 ± 0.57
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.56 ± 0.56	-1.54 ± 0.56	-1.28 ± 0.78
Tropical and Southern Land	0.61 ± 0.86	0.53 ± 0.94	-0.09 ± 2.67
Tropical Pacific	0.47 ± 0.43	0.49 ± 0.44	0.43 ± 0.42
Temperate Oceans	-2.69 ± 0.96	-2.59 ± 0.91	-2.15 ± 0.97
High Latitude Oceans	-0.98 ± 0.57	-0.82 ± 0.51	-0.74 ± 0.43
Extratropical Oceans	-3.67 ± 1.15	-3.41 ± 1.08	-2.89 ± 1.09
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.46 ± 0.85	-1.25 ± 0.84	-1.01 ± 1.02
Northern Boreal Land	-0.93 ± 0.77	-0.94 ± 0.78	-1.11 ± 4.10
Northern Temperate Land	-0.67 ± 0.83	-0.64 ± 0.82	-0.65 ± 2.66
Tropical land minus northern land	1.89 ± 1.27	1.81 ± 1.29	1.70 ± 5.35
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.39 ± 0.87	-1.38 ± 0.87	-1.41 ± 4.12
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.80 ± 1.14	-1.69 ± 1.09	-1.51 ± 2.72
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.24 ± 0.75	-1.25 ± 0.78	-1.32 ± 1.82
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.72 ± 1.27	-1.11 ± 2.86
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.84	2.35 ± 1.84	1.82 ± 5.72
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.21 ± 1.39	2.11 ± 1.42	1.66 ± 5.60







Table 10: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2022 compared to CT2013B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2020	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2013B
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.65	1.70	1.75
South American Tropical	0.12	0.12	0.11
South American Temperate	0.17	0.15	0.17
Northern Africa	0.17	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.21	0.20	0.19
Eurasia Temperate	3.39	2.88	2.90
Tropical Asia	0.61	0.52	0.59
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.50	1.50
North Pacific Temperate	0.33	0.31	0.34
West Pacific Tropical	0.03	0.02	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.09
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.04	0.05
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.15	0.13	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2013B
Northern Land	6.71	6.30	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.48	0.46	0.47
Northern	7.19	6.76	6.84
Tropical Land	0.90	0.78	0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.25	0.22	0.17
Tropical	1.15	1.00	1.03
Southern Land	0.41	0.39	0.40
Ocean in South	0.05	0.05	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.43	0.43
Americas	1.97	2.00	2.05
Atlantic and Arctic	0.21	0.21	0.19
Eurasia and Africa	1.75	1.78	1.79
Indian Ocean	0.17	0.15	0.10
Asia	4.31	3.69	3.78
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.36	0.39
All Land	8.03	7.47	7.61
All Ocean	0.78	0.72	0.68
Global	8.80	8.19	8.30
North America	1.68	1.73	1.78
Extratropical Eurasia	5.03	4.57	4.59
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.41	0.43
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.32	1.17	1.25
Tropical Pacific	0.05	0.04	0.03
Temperate Oceans	0.48	0.45	0.47
High Latitude Oceans	0.05	0.05	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.53	0.50	0.51
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.30	0.26	0.21
Northern Boreal Land	0.24	0.23	0.22
Northern Temperate Land	6.47	6.07	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.81	-5.52	-5.51
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.29	0.28	0.26
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.90	6.48	6.58
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.43	0.43
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.61	1.43	1.46
Tropics and south minus north	-5.58	-5.33	-5.37
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.13	-5.11







Table 11: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2022 compared to CT2013, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2020	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2013
North American Boreal	-0.25 ± 0.27	-0.25 ± 0.29	-0.17 ± 0.79
North American Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.26	-0.39 ± 0.26	-0.44 ± 0.78
South American Tropical	0.24 ± 0.44	0.23 ± 0.45	0.01 ± 1.63
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.37	-0.07 ± 0.40	0.04 ± 1.13
Northern Africa	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.18 ± 0.36	-0.09 ± 1.01
Southern Africa	0.33 ± 0.24	0.33 ± 0.26	0.08 ± 1.11
Eurasia Boreal	-0.68 ± 0.72	-0.69 ± 0.72	-0.99 ± 3.49
Eurasia Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.46	-0.25 ± 0.48	-0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Asia	0.19 ± 0.14	0.18 ± 0.14	0.12 ± 0.56
Australia	0.02 ± 0.10	0.03 ± 0.11	0.02 ± 0.32
Europe	-0.05 ± 0.62	-0.00 ± 0.60	-0.38 ± 1.81
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.63	-0.66 ± 0.58	-0.44 ± 0.37
West Pacific Tropical	-0.02 ± 0.09	-0.00 ± 0.08	0.03 ± 0.09
East Pacific Tropical	0.48 ± 0.43	0.50 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.40
South Pacific Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.41 ± 0.35	-0.54 ± 0.52
Northern Ocean	-0.46 ± 0.37	-0.44 ± 0.36	-0.30 ± 0.26
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.46	-0.39 ± 0.43	-0.30 ± 0.32
Atlantic Tropical	0.08 ± 0.20	0.10 ± 0.22	0.13 ± 0.14
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.55 ± 0.26	-0.18 ± 0.21
Southern Ocean	-0.51 ± 0.42	-0.38 ± 0.36	-0.31 ± 0.28
Indian Tropical	0.06 ± 0.21	0.09 ± 0.22	0.15 ± 0.19
South Indian Temperate	-0.61 ± 0.33	-0.59 ± 0.32	-0.53 ± 0.43
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2013
Northern Land	-1.60 ± 1.11	-1.58 ± 1.11	-2.35 ± 4.36
Northern Oceans	-1.59 ± 0.87	-1.49 ± 0.81	-1.04 ± 0.55
Northern	-3.19 ± 1.42	-3.06 ± 1.38	-3.39 ± 4.39
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 0.62	0.24 ± 0.65	0.04 ± 2.00
Tropical Ocean	0.61 ± 0.50	0.68 ± 0.52	0.72 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.90 ± 0.80	0.91 ± 0.84	0.75 ± 2.06
Southern Land	0.32 ± 0.50	0.29 ± 0.55	0.14 ± 1.62
Ocean in South	-2.07 ± 0.69	-1.92 ± 0.67	-1.56 ± 0.85
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.86	-1.63 ± 0.87	-1.41 ± 1.83
Americas	-0.45 ± 0.70	-0.47 ± 0.75	-0.56 ± 2.29
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.32 ± 0.67	-1.27 ± 0.65	-0.64 ± 0.49
Eurasia and Africa	0.14 ± 0.76	0.15 ± 0.76	-0.38 ± 2.36
Indian Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.50 ± 0.39	-0.39 ± 0.47
Asia	-0.68 ± 0.87	-0.72 ± 0.87	-1.23 ± 3.80
Pacific Ocean	-0.68 ± 0.82	-0.58 ± 0.80	-0.54 ± 0.76
All Land	-0.99 ± 1.45	-1.04 ± 1.50	-2.17 ± 5.07
All Ocean	-3.06 ± 1.25	-2.73 ± 1.19	-1.88 ± 1.17
Global	-4.05 ± 1.92	-3.78 ± 1.91	-4.05 ± 5.20
North America	-0.66 ± 0.38	-0.63 ± 0.41	-0.61 ± 1.12
Extratropical Eurasia	-0.94 ± 1.05	-0.94 ± 1.05	-1.74 ± 4.18
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.13 ± 0.77	-1.05 ± 0.71	-0.74 ± 0.49
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.56 ± 0.56	-1.54 ± 0.56	-1.25 ± 0.81
Tropical and Southern Land	0.61 ± 0.86	0.53 ± 0.94	0.18 ± 2.58
Tropical Pacific	0.47 ± 0.43	0.49 ± 0.44	0.44 ± 0.42
Temperate Oceans	-2.69 ± 0.96	-2.59 ± 0.91	-1.99 ± 0.94
High Latitude Oceans	-0.98 ± 0.57	-0.82 ± 0.51	-0.61 ± 0.38
Extratropical Oceans	-3.67 ± 1.15	-3.41 ± 1.08	-2.60 ± 1.03
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.46 ± 0.85	-1.25 ± 0.84	-0.84 ± 1.03
Northern Boreal Land	-0.93 ± 0.77	-0.94 ± 0.78	-1.16 ± 3.59
Northern Temperate Land	-0.67 ± 0.83	-0.64 ± 0.82	-1.19 ± 2.41
Tropical land minus northern land	1.89 ± 1.27	1.81 ± 1.29	2.38 ± 4.80
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.39 ± 0.87	-1.38 ± 0.87	-1.45 ± 3.60
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.80 ± 1.14	-1.69 ± 1.09	-1.93 ± 2.46
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.24 ± 0.75	-1.25 ± 0.78	-1.10 ± 1.82
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.72 ± 1.27	-0.66 ± 2.78
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.84	2.35 ± 1.84	2.73 ± 5.20
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.21 ± 1.39	2.11 ± 1.42	2.53 ± 5.07







Table 12: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2022 compared to CT2013, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2020	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2013
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.65	1.70	1.75
South American Tropical	0.12	0.12	0.11
South American Temperate	0.17	0.15	0.17
Northern Africa	0.17	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.21	0.20	0.19
Eurasia Temperate	3.39	2.88	2.90
Tropical Asia	0.61	0.52	0.59
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.50	1.50
North Pacific Temperate	0.33	0.31	0.34
West Pacific Tropical	0.03	0.02	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.09
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.04	0.05
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.15	0.13	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2013
Northern Land	6.71	6.30	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.48	0.46	0.47
Northern	7.19	6.76	6.84
Tropical Land	0.90	0.78	0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.25	0.22	0.17
Tropical	1.15	1.00	1.03
Southern Land	0.41	0.39	0.40
Ocean in South	0.05	0.05	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.43	0.43
Americas	1.97	2.00	2.05
Atlantic and Arctic	0.21	0.21	0.19
Eurasia and Africa	1.75	1.78	1.79
Indian Ocean	0.17	0.15	0.10
Asia	4.31	3.69	3.78
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.36	0.39
All Land	8.03	7.47	7.61
All Ocean	0.78	0.72	0.68
Global	8.80	8.19	8.30
North America	1.68	1.73	1.78
Extratropical Eurasia	5.03	4.57	4.59
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.41	0.43
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.32	1.17	1.25
Tropical Pacific	0.05	0.04	0.03
Temperate Oceans	0.48	0.45	0.47
High Latitude Oceans	0.05	0.05	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.53	0.50	0.51
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.30	0.26	0.21
Northern Boreal Land	0.24	0.23	0.22
Northern Temperate Land	6.47	6.07	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.81	-5.52	-5.51
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.29	0.28	0.26
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.90	6.48	6.58
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.43	0.43
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.61	1.43	1.46
Tropics and south minus north	-5.58	-5.33	-5.37
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.13	-5.11







Table 13: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2022 compared to CT2011_oi, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2020	2001-2010
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2011_oi
North American Boreal	-0.25 ± 0.27	-0.22 ± 0.30	-0.13 ± 0.91
North American Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.26	-0.42 ± 0.28	-0.45 ± 0.87
South American Tropical	0.24 ± 0.44	0.23 ± 0.47	0.18 ± 1.53
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.37	-0.02 ± 0.39	0.09 ± 1.18
Northern Africa	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.15 ± 0.35	-0.05 ± 0.99
Southern Africa	0.33 ± 0.24	0.34 ± 0.26	0.13 ± 1.02
Eurasia Boreal	-0.68 ± 0.72	-0.68 ± 0.74	-0.96 ± 3.40
Eurasia Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.46	-0.25 ± 0.48	-0.37 ± 1.35
Tropical Asia	0.19 ± 0.14	0.18 ± 0.16	0.16 ± 0.55
Australia	0.02 ± 0.10	0.04 ± 0.10	-0.02 ± 0.46
Europe	-0.05 ± 0.62	-0.01 ± 0.60	-0.35 ± 1.82
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.63	-0.66 ± 0.58	-0.40 ± 0.40
West Pacific Tropical	-0.02 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.08	0.02 ± 0.09
East Pacific Tropical	0.48 ± 0.43	0.52 ± 0.43	0.35 ± 0.35
South Pacific Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.39 ± 0.35	-0.58 ± 0.57
Northern Ocean	-0.46 ± 0.37	-0.42 ± 0.35	-0.24 ± 0.23
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.46	-0.37 ± 0.42	-0.39 ± 0.39
Atlantic Tropical	0.08 ± 0.20	0.10 ± 0.23	0.18 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.58 ± 0.28	-0.17 ± 0.21
Southern Ocean	-0.51 ± 0.42	-0.32 ± 0.34	-0.27 ± 0.26
Indian Tropical	0.06 ± 0.21	0.09 ± 0.23	0.18 ± 0.22
South Indian Temperate	-0.61 ± 0.33	-0.60 ± 0.31	-0.67 ± 0.45
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2010
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2011_oi
Northern Land	-1.60 ± 1.11	-1.59 ± 1.13	-2.27 ± 4.33
Northern Oceans	-1.59 ± 0.87	-1.44 ± 0.79	-1.02 ± 0.61
Northern	-3.19 ± 1.42	-3.04 ± 1.38	-3.30 ± 4.37
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 0.62	0.27 ± 0.67	0.29 ± 1.90
Tropical Ocean	0.61 ± 0.50	0.71 ± 0.52	0.72 ± 0.51
Tropical	0.90 ± 0.80	0.98 ± 0.86	1.01 ± 1.97
Southern Land	0.32 ± 0.50	0.35 ± 0.53	0.20 ± 1.63
Ocean in South	-2.07 ± 0.69	-1.90 ± 0.66	-1.69 ± 0.90
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.86	-1.54 ± 0.85	-1.49 ± 1.87
Americas	-0.45 ± 0.70	-0.43 ± 0.78	-0.32 ± 2.32
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.32 ± 0.67	-1.27 ± 0.64	-0.61 ± 0.55
Eurasia and Africa	0.14 ± 0.76	0.18 ± 0.76	-0.28 ± 2.31
Indian Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.51 ± 0.39	-0.50 ± 0.49
Asia	-0.68 ± 0.87	-0.71 ± 0.89	-1.19 ± 3.73
Pacific Ocean	-0.68 ± 0.82	-0.53 ± 0.80	-0.62 ± 0.76
All Land	-0.99 ± 1.45	-0.97 ± 1.54	-1.79 ± 5.00
All Ocean	-3.06 ± 1.25	-2.63 ± 1.15	-2.00 ± 1.23
Global	-4.05 ± 1.92	-3.60 ± 1.92	-3.78 ± 5.15
North America	-0.66 ± 0.38	-0.64 ± 0.42	-0.59 ± 1.27
Extratropical Eurasia	-0.94 ± 1.05	-0.95 ± 1.07	-1.69 ± 4.12
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.13 ± 0.77	-1.02 ± 0.70	-0.79 ± 0.57
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.56 ± 0.56	-1.58 ± 0.56	-1.42 ± 0.86
Tropical and Southern Land	0.61 ± 0.86	0.62 ± 0.97	0.48 ± 2.50
Tropical Pacific	0.47 ± 0.43	0.52 ± 0.44	0.37 ± 0.37
Temperate Oceans	-2.69 ± 0.96	-2.60 ± 0.90	-2.21 ± 1.02
High Latitude Oceans	-0.98 ± 0.57	-0.74 ± 0.48	-0.51 ± 0.33
Extratropical Oceans	-3.67 ± 1.15	-3.34 ± 1.04	-2.72 ± 1.14
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.46 ± 0.85	-1.19 ± 0.83	-0.97 ± 1.03
Northern Boreal Land	-0.93 ± 0.77	-0.90 ± 0.80	-1.09 ± 3.52
Northern Temperate Land	-0.67 ± 0.83	-0.69 ± 0.83	-1.18 ± 2.46
Tropical land minus northern land	1.89 ± 1.27	1.86 ± 1.32	2.56 ± 4.74
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.39 ± 0.87	-1.33 ± 0.88	-1.33 ± 3.53
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.80 ± 1.14	-1.71 ± 1.09	-1.96 ± 2.53
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.24 ± 0.75	-1.22 ± 0.77	-1.22 ± 1.85
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.56 ± 1.29	-0.49 ± 2.71
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.84	2.47 ± 1.87	2.81 ± 5.14
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.21 ± 1.39	2.21 ± 1.47	2.76 ± 5.01







Table 14: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2022 compared to CT2011_oi, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2020	2001-2010
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2011_oi
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.65	1.71	1.81
South American Tropical	0.12	0.11	0.10
South American Temperate	0.17	0.15	0.16
Northern Africa	0.17	0.14	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.21	0.19	0.19
Eurasia Temperate	3.39	2.69	2.78
Tropical Asia	0.61	0.48	0.56
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.51	1.55
North Pacific Temperate	0.33	0.30	0.23
West Pacific Tropical	0.03	0.02	0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.06
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.04	0.04
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.15	0.13	0.07
South Indian Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2010
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2011_oi
Northern Land	6.71	6.13	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.48	0.45	0.32
Northern	7.19	6.58	6.68
Tropical Land	0.90	0.74	0.82
Tropical Ocean	0.25	0.21	0.12
Tropical	1.15	0.95	0.95
Southern Land	0.41	0.38	0.40
Ocean in South	0.05	0.05	0.03
Southern	0.46	0.42	0.42
Americas	1.97	2.01	2.10
Atlantic and Arctic	0.21	0.20	0.13
Eurasia and Africa	1.75	1.78	1.84
Indian Ocean	0.17	0.15	0.08
Asia	4.31	3.46	3.63
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.35	0.26
All Land	8.03	7.25	7.58
All Ocean	0.78	0.71	0.47
Global	8.80	7.96	8.05
North America	1.68	1.75	1.83
Extratropical Eurasia	5.03	4.39	4.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.40	0.29
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.05	0.04	0.02
Tropical and Southern Land	1.32	1.12	1.22
Tropical Pacific	0.05	0.04	0.02
Temperate Oceans	0.48	0.44	0.32
High Latitude Oceans	0.05	0.05	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.53	0.50	0.35
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.30	0.26	0.15
Northern Boreal Land	0.24	0.22	0.22
Northern Temperate Land	6.47	5.91	6.14
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.81	-5.39	-5.53
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.29	0.27	0.25
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.90	6.31	6.43
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.42	0.42
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.61	1.37	1.37
Tropics and south minus north	-5.58	-5.21	-5.31
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.01	-5.14







Table 15: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2022 compared to CT2010, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2020	2001-2009
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2010
North American Boreal	-0.25 ± 0.27	-0.20 ± 0.31	-0.11 ± 0.35
North American Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.26	-0.43 ± 0.29	-0.49 ± 0.39
South American Tropical	0.24 ± 0.44	0.20 ± 0.49	0.13 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.37	-0.02 ± 0.40	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.13 ± 0.35	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.33 ± 0.24	0.34 ± 0.25	0.10 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.68 ± 0.72	-0.69 ± 0.77	-0.83 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.46	-0.29 ± 0.49	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.19 ± 0.14	0.18 ± 0.16	0.15 ± 0.20
Australia	0.02 ± 0.10	0.05 ± 0.10	-0.09 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.05 ± 0.62	-0.01 ± 0.60	-0.28 ± 0.75
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.63	-0.63 ± 0.58	-0.40 ± 0.38
West Pacific Tropical	-0.02 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.08	0.02 ± 0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.48 ± 0.43	0.53 ± 0.44	0.39 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.37 ± 0.35	-0.57 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.46 ± 0.37	-0.43 ± 0.35	-0.29 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.46	-0.39 ± 0.43	-0.37 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.08 ± 0.20	0.09 ± 0.23	0.19 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.59 ± 0.28	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.51 ± 0.42	-0.30 ± 0.33	-0.19 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.06 ± 0.21	0.10 ± 0.24	0.16 ± 0.12
South Indian Temperate	-0.61 ± 0.33	-0.59 ± 0.31	-0.69 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2009
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2010
Northern Land	-1.60 ± 1.11	-1.61 ± 1.15	-2.06 ± 1.62
Northern Oceans	-1.59 ± 0.87	-1.44 ± 0.79	-1.07 ± 0.61
Northern	-3.19 ± 1.42	-3.06 ± 1.40	-3.13 ± 1.73
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 0.62	0.24 ± 0.69	0.30 ± 0.85
Tropical Ocean	0.61 ± 0.50	0.72 ± 0.54	0.75 ± 0.34
Tropical	0.90 ± 0.80	0.96 ± 0.88	1.06 ± 0.92
Southern Land	0.32 ± 0.50	0.37 ± 0.53	-0.02 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-2.07 ± 0.69	-1.86 ± 0.66	-1.58 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.86	-1.49 ± 0.85	-1.60 ± 1.23
Americas	-0.45 ± 0.70	-0.44 ± 0.80	-0.50 ± 1.15
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.32 ± 0.67	-1.32 ± 0.64	-0.62 ± 0.58
Eurasia and Africa	0.14 ± 0.76	0.20 ± 0.76	-0.16 ± 1.09
Indian Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.49 ± 0.39	-0.53 ± 0.26
Asia	-0.68 ± 0.87	-0.75 ± 0.92	-1.11 ± 1.34
Pacific Ocean	-0.68 ± 0.82	-0.47 ± 0.80	-0.56 ± 0.61
All Land	-0.99 ± 1.45	-1.00 ± 1.57	-1.78 ± 2.10
All Ocean	-3.06 ± 1.25	-2.59 ± 1.16	-1.89 ± 1.09
Global	-4.05 ± 1.92	-3.59 ± 1.95	-3.67 ± 2.37
North America	-0.66 ± 0.38	-0.62 ± 0.44	-0.60 ± 0.52
Extratropical Eurasia	-0.94 ± 1.05	-0.99 ± 1.09	-1.46 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.13 ± 0.77	-1.01 ± 0.70	-0.77 ± 0.59
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.56 ± 0.56	-1.56 ± 0.56	-1.39 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.61 ± 0.86	0.61 ± 1.00	0.28 ± 1.34
Tropical Pacific	0.47 ± 0.43	0.52 ± 0.45	0.41 ± 0.23
Temperate Oceans	-2.69 ± 0.96	-2.57 ± 0.90	-2.17 ± 0.81
High Latitude Oceans	-0.98 ± 0.57	-0.73 ± 0.48	-0.48 ± 0.35
Extratropical Oceans	-3.67 ± 1.15	-3.31 ± 1.04	-2.65 ± 0.96
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.46 ± 0.85	-1.14 ± 0.84	-0.83 ± 0.85
Northern Boreal Land	-0.93 ± 0.77	-0.89 ± 0.83	-0.94 ± 1.21
Northern Temperate Land	-0.67 ± 0.83	-0.72 ± 0.84	-1.12 ± 1.02
Tropical land minus northern land	1.89 ± 1.27	1.86 ± 1.35	2.36 ± 1.83
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.39 ± 0.87	-1.32 ± 0.91	-1.23 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.80 ± 1.14	-1.74 ± 1.08	-1.89 ± 1.18
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.24 ± 0.75	-1.19 ± 0.78	-1.41 ± 1.21
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.53 ± 1.32	-0.54 ± 1.58
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.84	2.52 ± 1.91	2.59 ± 2.33
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.21 ± 1.39	2.22 ± 1.51	2.35 ± 2.10







Table 16: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2022 compared to CT2010, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2020	2001-2009
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2010
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.65	1.72	1.83
South American Tropical	0.12	0.11	0.10
South American Temperate	0.17	0.14	0.16
Northern Africa	0.17	0.14	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.21	0.19	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	3.39	2.60	2.78
Tropical Asia	0.61	0.47	0.57
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.11
Europe	1.43	1.51	1.55
North Pacific Temperate	0.33	0.30	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.03	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.04	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.15	0.13	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2009
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2010
Northern Land	6.71	6.05	6.35
Northern Oceans	0.48	0.45	0.15
Northern	7.19	6.50	6.50
Tropical Land	0.90	0.72	0.83
Tropical Ocean	0.25	0.21	0.06
Tropical	1.15	0.93	0.89
Southern Land	0.41	0.37	0.40
Ocean in South	0.05	0.04	0.01
Southern	0.46	0.42	0.41
Americas	1.97	2.01	2.11
Atlantic and Arctic	0.21	0.20	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.75	1.79	1.84
Indian Ocean	0.17	0.15	0.03
Asia	4.31	3.35	3.62
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.35	0.12
All Land	8.03	7.15	7.57
All Ocean	0.78	0.70	0.22
Global	8.80	7.84	7.79
North America	1.68	1.75	1.85
Extratropical Eurasia	5.03	4.30	4.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.40	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.05	0.04	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.32	1.09	1.22
Tropical Pacific	0.05	0.04	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.48	0.44	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.05	0.05	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.53	0.49	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.30	0.25	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.24	0.22	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.47	5.83	6.16
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.81	-5.33	-5.52
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.29	0.27	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.90	6.23	6.30
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.42	0.41
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.61	1.34	1.30
Tropics and south minus north	-5.58	-5.16	-5.20
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-4.96	-5.12







Table 17: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2022 compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2020	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2009
North American Boreal	-0.25 ± 0.27	-0.18 ± 0.31	-0.11 ± 0.36
North American Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.26	-0.43 ± 0.30	-0.49 ± 0.41
South American Tropical	0.24 ± 0.44	0.21 ± 0.51	0.15 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.37	-0.00 ± 0.41	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.13 ± 0.36	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.33 ± 0.24	0.33 ± 0.25	0.12 ± 0.63
Eurasia Boreal	-0.68 ± 0.72	-0.69 ± 0.79	-0.80 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.46	-0.29 ± 0.49	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.19 ± 0.14	0.16 ± 0.17	0.16 ± 0.20
Australia	0.02 ± 0.10	0.06 ± 0.10	-0.09 ± 0.32
Europe	-0.05 ± 0.62	0.00 ± 0.61	-0.25 ± 0.76
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.63	-0.61 ± 0.59	-0.41 ± 0.38
West Pacific Tropical	-0.02 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.08	0.02 ± 0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.48 ± 0.43	0.56 ± 0.45	0.40 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.37 ± 0.35	-0.56 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.46 ± 0.37	-0.42 ± 0.34	-0.29 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.46	-0.37 ± 0.43	-0.37 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.08 ± 0.20	0.10 ± 0.23	0.19 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.59 ± 0.28	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.51 ± 0.42	-0.29 ± 0.33	-0.19 ± 0.31
Indian Tropical	0.06 ± 0.21	0.10 ± 0.25	0.16 ± 0.12
South Indian Temperate	-0.61 ± 0.33	-0.60 ± 0.31	-0.68 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2009
Northern Land	-1.60 ± 1.11	-1.58 ± 1.17	-2.00 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.59 ± 0.87	-1.39 ± 0.79	-1.07 ± 0.61
Northern	-3.19 ± 1.42	-2.97 ± 1.42	-3.08 ± 1.74
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 0.62	0.24 ± 0.72	0.35 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.61 ± 0.50	0.74 ± 0.55	0.76 ± 0.34
Tropical	0.90 ± 0.80	0.98 ± 0.91	1.11 ± 0.93
Southern Land	0.32 ± 0.50	0.38 ± 0.54	-0.00 ± 1.05
Ocean in South	-2.07 ± 0.69	-1.84 ± 0.66	-1.57 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.86	-1.46 ± 0.86	-1.57 ± 1.24
Americas	-0.45 ± 0.70	-0.41 ± 0.83	-0.47 ± 1.16
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.32 ± 0.67	-1.28 ± 0.64	-0.61 ± 0.58
Eurasia and Africa	0.14 ± 0.76	0.20 ± 0.76	-0.10 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.49 ± 0.40	-0.53 ± 0.26
Asia	-0.68 ± 0.87	-0.76 ± 0.95	-1.08 ± 1.35
Pacific Ocean	-0.68 ± 0.82	-0.43 ± 0.82	-0.56 ± 0.61
All Land	-0.99 ± 1.45	-0.96 ± 1.62	-1.65 ± 2.12
All Ocean	-3.06 ± 1.25	-2.49 ± 1.17	-1.89 ± 1.09
Global	-4.05 ± 1.92	-3.45 ± 1.99	-3.54 ± 2.38
North America	-0.66 ± 0.38	-0.61 ± 0.44	-0.59 ± 0.54
Extratropical Eurasia	-0.94 ± 1.05	-0.97 ± 1.11	-1.41 ± 1.53
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.13 ± 0.77	-0.97 ± 0.70	-0.79 ± 0.59
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.56 ± 0.56	-1.56 ± 0.57	-1.38 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.61 ± 0.86	0.62 ± 1.05	0.35 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.47 ± 0.43	0.55 ± 0.46	0.42 ± 0.23
Temperate Oceans	-2.69 ± 0.96	-2.53 ± 0.91	-2.17 ± 0.81
High Latitude Oceans	-0.98 ± 0.57	-0.70 ± 0.48	-0.47 ± 0.35
Extratropical Oceans	-3.67 ± 1.15	-3.23 ± 1.05	-2.64 ± 0.95
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.46 ± 0.85	-1.10 ± 0.85	-0.81 ± 0.85
Northern Boreal Land	-0.93 ± 0.77	-0.86 ± 0.85	-0.91 ± 1.22
Northern Temperate Land	-0.67 ± 0.83	-0.71 ± 0.84	-1.09 ± 1.04
Tropical land minus northern land	1.89 ± 1.27	1.82 ± 1.38	2.35 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.39 ± 0.87	-1.28 ± 0.92	-1.20 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.80 ± 1.14	-1.69 ± 1.09	-1.88 ± 1.20
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.24 ± 0.75	-1.18 ± 0.79	-1.38 ± 1.22
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.48 ± 1.36	-0.46 ± 1.60
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.84	2.49 ± 1.95	2.61 ± 2.34
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.21 ± 1.39	2.19 ± 1.56	2.35 ± 2.12







Table 18: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2022 compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2020	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2009
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.65	1.73	1.84
South American Tropical	0.12	0.11	0.10
South American Temperate	0.17	0.14	0.16
Northern Africa	0.17	0.14	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.21	0.19	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	3.39	2.52	2.73
Tropical Asia	0.61	0.45	0.55
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.53	1.58
North Pacific Temperate	0.33	0.30	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.03	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.04	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.15	0.12	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2009
Northern Land	6.71	6.00	6.34
Northern Oceans	0.48	0.45	0.15
Northern	7.19	6.44	6.49
Tropical Land	0.90	0.70	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.25	0.20	0.06
Tropical	1.15	0.90	0.87
Southern Land	0.41	0.37	0.39
Ocean in South	0.05	0.04	0.01
Southern	0.46	0.41	0.40
Americas	1.97	2.02	2.12
Atlantic and Arctic	0.21	0.20	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.75	1.80	1.86
Indian Ocean	0.17	0.14	0.03
Asia	4.31	3.25	3.56
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.35	0.12
All Land	8.03	7.07	7.54
All Ocean	0.78	0.69	0.22
Global	8.80	7.76	7.76
North America	1.68	1.77	1.86
Extratropical Eurasia	5.03	4.23	4.48
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.40	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.05	0.04	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.32	1.07	1.21
Tropical Pacific	0.05	0.04	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.48	0.44	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.05	0.05	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.53	0.49	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.30	0.25	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.24	0.22	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.47	5.78	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.81	-5.30	-5.53
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.29	0.27	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.90	6.18	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.41	0.40
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.61	1.32	1.28
Tropics and south minus north	-5.58	-5.13	-5.21
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-4.93	-5.13







Table 19: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2022 compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2020	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2008
North American Boreal	-0.25 ± 0.27	-0.17 ± 0.31	-0.12 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.26	-0.46 ± 0.31	-0.60 ± 0.44
South American Tropical	0.24 ± 0.44	0.23 ± 0.50	0.17 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.37	0.01 ± 0.42	-0.04 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.13 ± 0.37	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.33 ± 0.24	0.34 ± 0.26	0.17 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.68 ± 0.72	-0.70 ± 0.82	-0.82 ± 1.17
Eurasia Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.46	-0.24 ± 0.49	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.19 ± 0.14	0.16 ± 0.18	0.19 ± 0.21
Australia	0.02 ± 0.10	0.06 ± 0.10	-0.06 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.05 ± 0.62	0.03 ± 0.60	-0.25 ± 0.73
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.63	-0.61 ± 0.58	-0.42 ± 0.38
West Pacific Tropical	-0.02 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.09	0.02 ± 0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.48 ± 0.43	0.56 ± 0.46	0.41 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.36 ± 0.35	-0.54 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.46 ± 0.37	-0.38 ± 0.33	-0.28 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.46	-0.37 ± 0.44	-0.38 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.08 ± 0.20	0.11 ± 0.24	0.19 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.60 ± 0.29	-0.13 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.51 ± 0.42	-0.28 ± 0.32	-0.18 ± 0.30
Indian Tropical	0.06 ± 0.21	0.12 ± 0.26	0.16 ± 0.12
South Indian Temperate	-0.61 ± 0.33	-0.59 ± 0.32	-0.67 ± 0.23
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2008
Northern Land	-1.60 ± 1.11	-1.54 ± 1.19	-2.14 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.59 ± 0.87	-1.35 ± 0.78	-1.08 ± 0.60
Northern	-3.19 ± 1.42	-2.89 ± 1.43	-3.23 ± 1.74
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 0.62	0.26 ± 0.72	0.39 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.61 ± 0.50	0.78 ± 0.56	0.78 ± 0.34
Tropical	0.90 ± 0.80	1.05 ± 0.92	1.16 ± 0.93
Southern Land	0.32 ± 0.50	0.41 ± 0.56	0.06 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-2.07 ± 0.69	-1.82 ± 0.67	-1.51 ± 0.65
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.86	-1.41 ± 0.87	-1.45 ± 1.23
Americas	-0.45 ± 0.70	-0.40 ± 0.83	-0.58 ± 1.17
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.32 ± 0.67	-1.23 ± 0.65	-0.60 ± 0.57
Eurasia and Africa	0.14 ± 0.76	0.24 ± 0.78	-0.06 ± 1.08
Indian Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.47 ± 0.40	-0.51 ± 0.26
Asia	-0.68 ± 0.87	-0.71 ± 0.98	-1.05 ± 1.36
Pacific Ocean	-0.68 ± 0.82	-0.41 ± 0.81	-0.53 ± 0.61
All Land	-0.99 ± 1.45	-0.87 ± 1.66	-1.70 ± 2.11
All Ocean	-3.06 ± 1.25	-2.39 ± 1.16	-1.82 ± 1.08
Global	-4.05 ± 1.92	-3.26 ± 2.02	-3.52 ± 2.38
North America	-0.66 ± 0.38	-0.63 ± 0.45	-0.72 ± 0.57
Extratropical Eurasia	-0.94 ± 1.05	-0.90 ± 1.12	-1.43 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.13 ± 0.77	-0.98 ± 0.70	-0.80 ± 0.58
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.56 ± 0.56	-1.54 ± 0.58	-1.34 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.61 ± 0.86	0.67 ± 1.07	0.45 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.47 ± 0.43	0.56 ± 0.47	0.43 ± 0.23
Temperate Oceans	-2.69 ± 0.96	-2.52 ± 0.91	-2.14 ± 0.81
High Latitude Oceans	-0.98 ± 0.57	-0.66 ± 0.46	-0.46 ± 0.34
Extratropical Oceans	-3.67 ± 1.15	-3.18 ± 1.03	-2.60 ± 0.94
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.46 ± 0.85	-1.04 ± 0.86	-0.74 ± 0.84
Northern Boreal Land	-0.93 ± 0.77	-0.87 ± 0.88	-0.94 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land	-0.67 ± 0.83	-0.67 ± 0.84	-1.20 ± 1.03
Tropical land minus northern land	1.89 ± 1.27	1.80 ± 1.38	2.53 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.39 ± 0.87	-1.25 ± 0.94	-1.23 ± 1.24
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.80 ± 1.14	-1.65 ± 1.10	-2.00 ± 1.18
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.24 ± 0.75	-1.13 ± 0.81	-1.27 ± 1.21
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.37 ± 1.39	-0.29 ± 1.59
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.84	2.53 ± 1.97	2.94 ± 2.34
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.21 ± 1.39	2.21 ± 1.57	2.59 ± 2.12







Table 20: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2022 compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2020	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2008
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.65	1.74	1.97
South American Tropical	0.12	0.11	0.11
South American Temperate	0.17	0.14	0.15
Northern Africa	0.17	0.13	0.18
Southern Africa	0.14	0.12	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.21	0.18	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	3.39	2.43	2.64
Tropical Asia	0.61	0.44	0.51
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.53	1.64
North Pacific Temperate	0.33	0.29	0.14
West Pacific Tropical	0.03	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.02
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.04	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.15	0.12	0.04
South Indian Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2008
Northern Land	6.71	5.91	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.48	0.44	0.19
Northern	7.19	6.35	6.55
Tropical Land	0.90	0.68	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.25	0.20	0.07
Tropical	1.15	0.88	0.88
Southern Land	0.41	0.36	0.38
Ocean in South	0.05	0.04	0.01
Southern	0.46	0.40	0.39
Americas	1.97	2.02	2.24
Atlantic and Arctic	0.21	0.20	0.09
Eurasia and Africa	1.75	1.79	1.95
Indian Ocean	0.17	0.14	0.04
Asia	4.31	3.14	3.35
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.34	0.15
All Land	8.03	6.95	7.55
All Ocean	0.78	0.68	0.28
Global	8.80	7.63	7.83
North America	1.68	1.77	1.98
Extratropical Eurasia	5.03	4.14	4.38
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.39	0.17
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.05	0.04	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.32	1.04	1.19
Tropical Pacific	0.05	0.04	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.48	0.43	0.18
High Latitude Oceans	0.05	0.05	0.02
Extratropical Oceans	0.53	0.48	0.20
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.30	0.24	0.09
Northern Boreal Land	0.24	0.21	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.47	5.69	6.24
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.81	-5.23	-5.55
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.29	0.27	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.90	6.08	6.41
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.40	0.39
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.61	1.28	1.28
Tropics and south minus north	-5.58	-5.07	-5.28
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-4.87	-5.17







Table 21: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2022 compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2020	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2007B
North American Boreal	-0.25 ± 0.27	-0.15 ± 0.32	-0.14 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.26	-0.45 ± 0.33	-0.54 ± 0.52
South American Tropical	0.24 ± 0.44	0.20 ± 0.53	0.08 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.37	-0.03 ± 0.40	-0.03 ± 0.76
Northern Africa	-0.14 ± 0.35	-0.12 ± 0.38	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.33 ± 0.24	0.33 ± 0.28	0.21 ± 0.59
Eurasia Boreal	-0.68 ± 0.72	-0.72 ± 0.87	-0.64 ± 1.10
Eurasia Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.46	-0.23 ± 0.50	-0.32 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.19 ± 0.14	0.13 ± 0.19	0.20 ± 0.20
Australia	0.02 ± 0.10	0.05 ± 0.11	-0.10 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.05 ± 0.62	0.04 ± 0.62	-0.30 ± 0.79
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.63	-0.55 ± 0.55	-0.39 ± 0.37
West Pacific Tropical	-0.02 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.09	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.48 ± 0.43	0.60 ± 0.49	0.38 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.34 ± 0.36	-0.49 ± 0.45
Northern Ocean	-0.46 ± 0.37	-0.38 ± 0.33	-0.27 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.46	-0.37 ± 0.44	-0.40 ± 0.39
Atlantic Tropical	0.08 ± 0.20	0.12 ± 0.25	0.19 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.56 ± 0.29	-0.14 ± 0.23
Southern Ocean	-0.51 ± 0.42	-0.30 ± 0.31	-0.22 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.06 ± 0.21	0.12 ± 0.27	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.61 ± 0.33	-0.57 ± 0.31	-0.64 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2007B
Northern Land	-1.60 ± 1.11	-1.51 ± 1.24	-1.94 ± 1.64
Northern Oceans	-1.59 ± 0.87	-1.30 ± 0.77	-1.05 ± 0.58
Northern	-3.19 ± 1.42	-2.81 ± 1.46	-3.00 ± 1.74
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 0.62	0.22 ± 0.76	0.30 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.61 ± 0.50	0.83 ± 0.58	0.74 ± 0.35
Tropical	0.90 ± 0.80	1.05 ± 0.96	1.05 ± 0.93
Southern Land	0.32 ± 0.50	0.35 ± 0.57	0.08 ± 1.01
Ocean in South	-2.07 ± 0.69	-1.77 ± 0.66	-1.49 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.86	-1.42 ± 0.88	-1.41 ± 1.21
Americas	-0.45 ± 0.70	-0.42 ± 0.84	-0.63 ± 1.21
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.32 ± 0.67	-1.19 ± 0.65	-0.62 ± 0.55
Eurasia and Africa	0.14 ± 0.76	0.25 ± 0.80	-0.06 ± 1.10
Indian Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.46 ± 0.40	-0.48 ± 0.26
Asia	-0.68 ± 0.87	-0.76 ± 1.03	-0.87 ± 1.30
Pacific Ocean	-0.68 ± 0.82	-0.29 ± 0.80	-0.48 ± 0.62
All Land	-0.99 ± 1.45	-0.94 ± 1.74	-1.56 ± 2.11
All Ocean	-3.06 ± 1.25	-2.24 ± 1.16	-1.80 ± 1.09
Global	-4.05 ± 1.92	-3.18 ± 2.08	-3.36 ± 2.37
North America	-0.66 ± 0.38	-0.60 ± 0.47	-0.68 ± 0.64
Extratropical Eurasia	-0.94 ± 1.05	-0.91 ± 1.18	-1.26 ± 1.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.13 ± 0.77	-0.92 ± 0.69	-0.78 ± 0.56
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.56 ± 0.56	-1.47 ± 0.58	-1.27 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.61 ± 0.86	0.57 ± 1.12	0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Pacific	0.47 ± 0.43	0.59 ± 0.50	0.40 ± 0.24
Temperate Oceans	-2.69 ± 0.96	-2.39 ± 0.91	-2.05 ± 0.79
High Latitude Oceans	-0.98 ± 0.57	-0.68 ± 0.45	-0.50 ± 0.36
Extratropical Oceans	-3.67 ± 1.15	-3.07 ± 1.02	-2.55 ± 0.93
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.46 ± 0.85	-0.94 ± 0.87	-0.75 ± 0.87
Northern Boreal Land	-0.93 ± 0.77	-0.87 ± 0.92	-0.78 ± 1.17
Northern Temperate Land	-0.67 ± 0.83	-0.64 ± 0.86	-1.16 ± 1.10
Tropical land minus northern land	1.89 ± 1.27	1.72 ± 1.44	2.25 ± 1.86
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.39 ± 0.87	-1.25 ± 0.98	-1.05 ± 1.18
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.80 ± 1.14	-1.55 ± 1.10	-1.94 ± 1.24
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.24 ± 0.75	-1.12 ± 0.82	-1.19 ± 1.20
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.37 ± 1.42	-0.37 ± 1.59
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.84	2.43 ± 2.01	2.63 ± 2.34
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.21 ± 1.39	2.07 ± 1.63	2.33 ± 2.12







Table 22: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2022 compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2020	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2007B
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.65	1.73	1.91
South American Tropical	0.12	0.11	0.12
South American Temperate	0.17	0.14	0.14
Northern Africa	0.17	0.13	0.17
Southern Africa	0.14	0.12	0.12
Eurasia Boreal	0.21	0.18	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	3.39	2.34	2.53
Tropical Asia	0.61	0.42	0.47
Australia	0.10	0.09	0.09
Europe	1.43	1.53	1.63
North Pacific Temperate	0.33	0.29	0.17
West Pacific Tropical	0.03	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.05	0.05	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.05
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.04	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.15	0.12	0.08
South Indian Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2020	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2022	CT2022	CT2007B
Northern Land	6.71	5.81	6.18
Northern Oceans	0.48	0.43	0.26
Northern	7.19	6.24	6.44
Tropical Land	0.90	0.66	0.75
Tropical Ocean	0.25	0.19	0.12
Tropical	1.15	0.86	0.88
Southern Land	0.41	0.35	0.35
Ocean in South	0.05	0.04	0.03
Southern	0.46	0.40	0.38
Americas	1.97	2.01	2.18
Atlantic and Arctic	0.21	0.20	0.12
Eurasia and Africa	1.75	1.78	1.92
Indian Ocean	0.17	0.13	0.10
Asia	4.31	3.03	3.18
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.34	0.19
All Land	8.03	6.83	7.29
All Ocean	0.78	0.67	0.41
Global	8.80	7.50	7.70
North America	1.68	1.76	1.92
Extratropical Eurasia	5.03	4.05	4.26
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.38	0.23
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.05	0.04	0.03
Tropical and Southern Land	1.32	1.02	1.11
Tropical Pacific	0.05	0.03	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.48	0.42	0.26
High Latitude Oceans	0.05	0.05	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.53	0.48	0.29
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.30	0.24	0.16
Northern Boreal Land	0.24	0.21	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.47	5.60	6.07
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.81	-5.15	-5.43
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.29	0.26	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.90	5.98	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.39	0.38
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.61	1.25	1.26
Tropics and south minus north	-5.58	-4.99	-5.17
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-4.79	-5.08







Table 23: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2019B compared to CT2017, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2018	2001-2016
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2017
North American Boreal	-0.24 ± 0.28	-0.24 ± 0.29	-0.21 ± 0.83
North American Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.28	-0.33 ± 0.27	-0.30 ± 0.56
South American Tropical	0.25 ± 0.53	0.26 ± 0.56	0.28 ± 1.44
South American Temperate	-0.05 ± 0.37	-0.04 ± 0.37	-0.07 ± 1.06
Northern Africa	-0.16 ± 0.35	-0.17 ± 0.35	-0.20 ± 1.13
Southern Africa	0.28 ± 0.29	0.28 ± 0.30	0.06 ± 0.68
Eurasia Boreal	-0.71 ± 0.80	-0.70 ± 0.77	-0.80 ± 2.27
Eurasia Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.50	-0.55 ± 0.50	-0.68 ± 1.78
Tropical Asia	0.21 ± 0.14	0.22 ± 0.14	0.12 ± 0.45
Australia	0.03 ± 0.10	0.03 ± 0.10	0.06 ± 0.33
Europe	-0.06 ± 0.60	-0.06 ± 0.59	0.06 ± 2.02
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.61	-0.66 ± 0.59	-0.52 ± 0.41
West Pacific Tropical	-0.01 ± 0.09	0.00 ± 0.09	-0.00 ± 0.08
East Pacific Tropical	0.37 ± 0.42	0.37 ± 0.44	0.36 ± 0.43
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.37	-0.52 ± 0.37	-0.47 ± 0.34
Northern Ocean	-0.42 ± 0.34	-0.43 ± 0.34	-0.40 ± 0.27
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.33 ± 0.40	-0.31 ± 0.39	-0.29 ± 0.32
Atlantic Tropical	0.06 ± 0.17	0.07 ± 0.17	0.10 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.26	-0.46 ± 0.26	-0.42 ± 0.22
Southern Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.53 ± 0.37	-0.50 ± 0.29
Indian Tropical	0.05 ± 0.18	0.05 ± 0.19	0.10 ± 0.18
South Indian Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.31	-0.43 ± 0.29	-0.40 ± 0.25
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2016
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2017
Northern Land	-1.89 ± 1.18	-1.87 ± 1.16	-1.93 ± 3.72
Northern Oceans	-1.43 ± 0.82	-1.40 ± 0.81	-1.21 ± 0.59
Northern	-3.32 ± 1.44	-3.28 ± 1.42	-3.14 ± 3.76
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.69	0.31 ± 0.72	0.20 ± 1.90
Tropical Ocean	0.47 ± 0.49	0.49 ± 0.51	0.55 ± 0.47
Tropical	0.77 ± 0.85	0.80 ± 0.88	0.75 ± 1.94
Southern Land	0.26 ± 0.53	0.27 ± 0.55	0.05 ± 1.35
Ocean in South	-2.01 ± 0.67	-1.95 ± 0.65	-1.80 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.87	-1.68 ± 0.86	-1.75 ± 1.50
Americas	-0.37 ± 0.83	-0.35 ± 0.85	-0.30 ± 2.13
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.15 ± 0.60	-1.14 ± 0.60	-1.02 ± 0.49
Eurasia and Africa	0.05 ± 0.78	0.06 ± 0.79	-0.08 ± 2.42
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.36	-0.38 ± 0.35	-0.30 ± 0.30
Asia	-1.02 ± 0.96	-1.01 ± 0.93	-1.29 ± 2.97
Pacific Ocean	-0.86 ± 0.79	-0.81 ± 0.78	-0.63 ± 0.67
All Land	-1.34 ± 1.62	-1.30 ± 1.63	-1.68 ± 4.47
All Ocean	-2.97 ± 1.14	-2.86 ± 1.11	-2.46 ± 1.03
Global	-4.31 ± 1.96	-4.16 ± 1.95	-4.14 ± 4.57
North America	-0.57 ± 0.40	-0.57 ± 0.40	-0.51 ± 1.01
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.32 ± 1.12	-1.31 ± 1.09	-1.42 ± 3.57
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.01 ± 0.72	-0.97 ± 0.71	-0.81 ± 0.51
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.46 ± 0.58	-1.42 ± 0.58	-1.30 ± 0.56
Tropical and Southern Land	0.56 ± 1.03	0.58 ± 1.07	0.25 ± 2.46
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.43	0.38 ± 0.44	0.36 ± 0.44
Temperate Oceans	-2.48 ± 0.89	-2.39 ± 0.87	-2.11 ± 0.74
High Latitude Oceans	-0.97 ± 0.53	-0.97 ± 0.52	-0.90 ± 0.39
Extratropical Oceans	-3.44 ± 1.05	-3.35 ± 1.02	-3.01 ± 0.86
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.54 ± 0.85	-1.46 ± 0.84	-1.25 ± 0.90
Northern Boreal Land	-0.95 ± 0.85	-0.94 ± 0.83	-1.01 ± 2.44
Northern Temperate Land	-0.95 ± 0.84	-0.93 ± 0.84	-0.92 ± 2.76
Tropical land minus northern land	2.19 ± 1.35	2.18 ± 1.34	2.14 ± 4.18
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.36 ± 0.93	-1.38 ± 0.91	-1.41 ± 2.46
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 1.11	-1.90 ± 1.09	-1.73 ± 2.81
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.21 ± 0.80	-1.15 ± 0.80	-1.25 ± 1.46
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.99 ± 1.34	-0.89 ± 1.37	-1.00 ± 2.60
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.98	2.39 ± 1.99	2.14 ± 4.62
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.45 ± 1.53	2.45 ± 1.53	2.19 ± 4.47







Table 24: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2019B compared to CT2017, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2018	2001-2016
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2017
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.72	1.73	1.70
South American Tropical	0.11	0.11	0.11
South American Temperate	0.18	0.18	0.18
Northern Africa	0.17	0.17	0.16
Southern Africa	0.15	0.14	0.14
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.23	0.23
Eurasia Temperate	3.36	3.23	3.21
Tropical Asia	0.68	0.66	0.66
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.45	1.46	1.43
North Pacific Temperate	0.32	0.31	0.36
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.08	0.08	0.10
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.06
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2016
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2017
Northern Land	6.80	6.69	6.61
Northern Oceans	0.44	0.43	0.50
Northern	7.24	7.12	7.11
Tropical Land	0.97	0.94	0.93
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.16	0.19
Tropical	1.14	1.10	1.11
Southern Land	0.43	0.42	0.42
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.46	0.46
Americas	2.05	2.05	2.02
Atlantic and Arctic	0.17	0.17	0.20
Eurasia and Africa	1.77	1.77	1.74
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.10	0.11
Asia	4.38	4.22	4.20
Pacific Ocean	0.37	0.36	0.41
All Land	8.19	8.05	7.96
All Ocean	0.65	0.63	0.72
Global	8.84	8.68	8.68
North America	1.75	1.76	1.73
Extratropical Eurasia	5.05	4.93	4.88
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.40	0.39	0.45
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.39	1.36	1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.04
Temperate Oceans	0.44	0.43	0.49
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.48	0.47	0.54
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.20	0.23
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.26	0.26
Northern Temperate Land	6.54	6.43	6.35
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.83	-5.75	-5.68
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.30	0.30
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.94	6.82	6.81
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.46	0.46
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.60	1.56	1.57
Tropics and south minus north	-5.64	-5.56	-5.53
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.33	-5.26







Table 25: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2019B compared to CT2016, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2018	2001-2015
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2016
North American Boreal	-0.24 ± 0.28	-0.24 ± 0.29	-0.14 ± 0.87
North American Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.28	-0.33 ± 0.27	-0.35 ± 0.90
South American Tropical	0.25 ± 0.53	0.22 ± 0.56	0.17 ± 1.61
South American Temperate	-0.05 ± 0.37	-0.04 ± 0.37	-0.11 ± 0.86
Northern Africa	-0.16 ± 0.35	-0.18 ± 0.36	-0.19 ± 1.32
Southern Africa	0.28 ± 0.29	0.27 ± 0.29	0.11 ± 0.64
Eurasia Boreal	-0.71 ± 0.80	-0.70 ± 0.78	-1.00 ± 4.23
Eurasia Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.50	-0.54 ± 0.50	-0.43 ± 1.61
Tropical Asia	0.21 ± 0.14	0.23 ± 0.13	0.09 ± 0.68
Australia	0.03 ± 0.10	0.03 ± 0.10	0.12 ± 0.25
Europe	-0.06 ± 0.60	-0.07 ± 0.60	0.10 ± 2.30
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.61	-0.65 ± 0.59	-0.55 ± 0.51
West Pacific Tropical	-0.01 ± 0.09	0.00 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.10
East Pacific Tropical	0.37 ± 0.42	0.37 ± 0.43	0.43 ± 0.42
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.37	-0.53 ± 0.38	-0.47 ± 0.43
Northern Ocean	-0.42 ± 0.34	-0.42 ± 0.34	-0.27 ± 0.27
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.33 ± 0.40	-0.29 ± 0.39	-0.27 ± 0.34
Atlantic Tropical	0.06 ± 0.17	0.06 ± 0.17	0.10 ± 0.13
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.26	-0.47 ± 0.26	-0.38 ± 0.27
Southern Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.52 ± 0.36	-0.43 ± 0.33
Indian Tropical	0.05 ± 0.18	0.05 ± 0.19	0.12 ± 0.19
South Indian Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.31	-0.42 ± 0.29	-0.62 ± 0.45
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2015
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2016
Northern Land	-1.89 ± 1.18	-1.89 ± 1.16	-1.83 ± 5.27
Northern Oceans	-1.43 ± 0.82	-1.37 ± 0.80	-1.10 ± 0.68
Northern	-3.32 ± 1.44	-3.26 ± 1.41	-2.93 ± 5.32
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.69	0.26 ± 0.72	0.07 ± 2.19
Tropical Ocean	0.47 ± 0.49	0.48 ± 0.50	0.64 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.77 ± 0.85	0.75 ± 0.88	0.71 ± 2.25
Southern Land	0.26 ± 0.53	0.26 ± 0.54	0.12 ± 1.11
Ocean in South	-2.01 ± 0.67	-1.94 ± 0.65	-1.90 ± 0.82
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.87	-1.68 ± 0.85	-1.78 ± 1.38
Americas	-0.37 ± 0.83	-0.39 ± 0.86	-0.43 ± 2.24
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.15 ± 0.60	-1.12 ± 0.60	-0.82 ± 0.54
Eurasia and Africa	0.05 ± 0.78	0.02 ± 0.79	0.02 ± 2.73
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.36	-0.37 ± 0.34	-0.51 ± 0.48
Asia	-1.02 ± 0.96	-0.99 ± 0.93	-1.22 ± 4.59
Pacific Ocean	-0.86 ± 0.79	-0.81 ± 0.78	-0.60 ± 0.79
All Land	-1.34 ± 1.62	-1.37 ± 1.63	-1.64 ± 5.82
All Ocean	-2.97 ± 1.14	-2.82 ± 1.11	-2.36 ± 1.20
Global	-4.31 ± 1.96	-4.19 ± 1.95	-4.00 ± 5.94
North America	-0.57 ± 0.40	-0.57 ± 0.41	-0.49 ± 1.25
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.32 ± 1.12	-1.31 ± 1.09	-1.34 ± 5.10
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.01 ± 0.72	-0.95 ± 0.70	-0.82 ± 0.62
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.46 ± 0.58	-1.42 ± 0.58	-1.48 ± 0.75
Tropical and Southern Land	0.56 ± 1.03	0.52 ± 1.07	0.19 ± 2.46
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.43	0.37 ± 0.44	0.42 ± 0.44
Temperate Oceans	-2.48 ± 0.89	-2.37 ± 0.87	-2.30 ± 0.97
High Latitude Oceans	-0.97 ± 0.53	-0.94 ± 0.52	-0.70 ± 0.42
Extratropical Oceans	-3.44 ± 1.05	-3.31 ± 1.02	-3.00 ± 1.09
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.54 ± 0.85	-1.45 ± 0.83	-1.26 ± 0.97
Northern Boreal Land	-0.95 ± 0.85	-0.95 ± 0.83	-1.14 ± 4.34
Northern Temperate Land	-0.95 ± 0.84	-0.94 ± 0.84	-0.69 ± 2.98
Tropical land minus northern land	2.19 ± 1.35	2.15 ± 1.34	1.89 ± 5.72
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.36 ± 0.93	-1.37 ± 0.91	-1.41 ± 4.34
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 1.11	-1.89 ± 1.09	-1.51 ± 3.05
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.21 ± 0.80	-1.16 ± 0.80	-1.35 ± 1.34
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.99 ± 1.34	-0.93 ± 1.37	-1.07 ± 2.64
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.98	2.32 ± 1.98	1.85 ± 5.94
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.45 ± 1.53	2.41 ± 1.53	2.02 ± 5.82







Table 26: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2019B compared to CT2016, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2018	2001-2015
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2016
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.72	1.74	1.71
South American Tropical	0.11	0.11	0.11
South American Temperate	0.18	0.17	0.17
Northern Africa	0.17	0.16	0.16
Southern Africa	0.15	0.14	0.14
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.23	0.23
Eurasia Temperate	3.36	3.17	3.13
Tropical Asia	0.68	0.64	0.64
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.45	1.47	1.45
North Pacific Temperate	0.32	0.31	0.36
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.03
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.08	0.08	0.10
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.06
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.02
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2015
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2016
Northern Land	6.80	6.64	6.54
Northern Oceans	0.44	0.43	0.50
Northern	7.24	7.06	7.04
Tropical Land	0.97	0.92	0.91
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.16	0.19
Tropical	1.14	1.08	1.10
Southern Land	0.43	0.42	0.41
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.45	0.45
Americas	2.05	2.05	2.02
Atlantic and Arctic	0.17	0.17	0.21
Eurasia and Africa	1.77	1.78	1.75
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.10	0.11
Asia	4.38	4.14	4.09
Pacific Ocean	0.37	0.36	0.42
All Land	8.19	7.97	7.86
All Ocean	0.65	0.63	0.73
Global	8.84	8.60	8.60
North America	1.75	1.77	1.73
Extratropical Eurasia	5.05	4.87	4.81
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.40	0.39	0.46
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.39	1.34	1.32
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.04
Temperate Oceans	0.44	0.43	0.50
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.48	0.47	0.54
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.20	0.23
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.26	0.26
Northern Temperate Land	6.54	6.38	6.28
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.83	-5.72	-5.63
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.30	0.30
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.94	6.77	6.74
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.45	0.45
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.60	1.53	1.55
Tropics and south minus north	-5.64	-5.53	-5.49
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.30	-5.22







Table 27: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2019B compared to CT2015, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2018	2001-2014
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2015
North American Boreal	-0.24 ± 0.28	-0.25 ± 0.30	-0.13 ± 0.86
North American Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.28	-0.33 ± 0.28	-0.36 ± 0.91
South American Tropical	0.25 ± 0.53	0.23 ± 0.55	0.36 ± 1.58
South American Temperate	-0.05 ± 0.37	-0.05 ± 0.37	-0.14 ± 0.86
Northern Africa	-0.16 ± 0.35	-0.19 ± 0.36	-0.16 ± 1.40
Southern Africa	0.28 ± 0.29	0.27 ± 0.30	-0.09 ± 0.69
Eurasia Boreal	-0.71 ± 0.80	-0.69 ± 0.78	-0.98 ± 4.23
Eurasia Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.50	-0.56 ± 0.49	-0.53 ± 1.60
Tropical Asia	0.21 ± 0.14	0.22 ± 0.14	0.24 ± 0.70
Australia	0.03 ± 0.10	0.03 ± 0.10	0.09 ± 0.27
Europe	-0.06 ± 0.60	-0.07 ± 0.60	0.06 ± 2.32
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.61	-0.64 ± 0.59	-0.54 ± 0.50
West Pacific Tropical	-0.01 ± 0.09	0.00 ± 0.09	0.00 ± 0.10
East Pacific Tropical	0.37 ± 0.42	0.37 ± 0.43	0.42 ± 0.42
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.37	-0.52 ± 0.38	-0.47 ± 0.43
Northern Ocean	-0.42 ± 0.34	-0.41 ± 0.34	-0.25 ± 0.25
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.33 ± 0.40	-0.29 ± 0.39	-0.27 ± 0.34
Atlantic Tropical	0.06 ± 0.17	0.06 ± 0.18	0.11 ± 0.13
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.26	-0.48 ± 0.27	-0.41 ± 0.28
Southern Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.51 ± 0.36	-0.43 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.05 ± 0.18	0.04 ± 0.19	0.13 ± 0.19
South Indian Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.31	-0.42 ± 0.28	-0.63 ± 0.45
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2014
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2015
Northern Land	-1.89 ± 1.18	-1.90 ± 1.17	-1.93 ± 5.28
Northern Oceans	-1.43 ± 0.82	-1.35 ± 0.80	-1.06 ± 0.66
Northern	-3.32 ± 1.44	-3.25 ± 1.42	-2.99 ± 5.32
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.69	0.25 ± 0.72	0.45 ± 2.22
Tropical Ocean	0.47 ± 0.49	0.48 ± 0.50	0.67 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.77 ± 0.85	0.73 ± 0.89	1.12 ± 2.27
Southern Land	0.26 ± 0.53	0.24 ± 0.55	-0.15 ± 1.14
Ocean in South	-2.01 ± 0.67	-1.94 ± 0.65	-1.94 ± 0.82
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.87	-1.69 ± 0.86	-2.09 ± 1.41
Americas	-0.37 ± 0.83	-0.41 ± 0.87	-0.27 ± 2.21
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.15 ± 0.60	-1.12 ± 0.60	-0.82 ± 0.53
Eurasia and Africa	0.05 ± 0.78	0.01 ± 0.80	-0.19 ± 2.81
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.36	-0.38 ± 0.34	-0.50 ± 0.49
Asia	-1.02 ± 0.96	-1.00 ± 0.94	-1.17 ± 4.59
Pacific Ocean	-0.86 ± 0.79	-0.79 ± 0.78	-0.59 ± 0.78
All Land	-1.34 ± 1.62	-1.41 ± 1.65	-1.63 ± 5.84
All Ocean	-2.97 ± 1.14	-2.80 ± 1.11	-2.33 ± 1.19
Global	-4.31 ± 1.96	-4.21 ± 1.97	-3.96 ± 5.96
North America	-0.57 ± 0.40	-0.58 ± 0.41	-0.49 ± 1.25
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.32 ± 1.12	-1.32 ± 1.10	-1.45 ± 5.10
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.01 ± 0.72	-0.93 ± 0.69	-0.81 ± 0.61
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.46 ± 0.58	-1.43 ± 0.57	-1.52 ± 0.75
Tropical and Southern Land	0.56 ± 1.03	0.50 ± 1.08	0.30 ± 2.50
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.43	0.37 ± 0.44	0.42 ± 0.44
Temperate Oceans	-2.48 ± 0.89	-2.36 ± 0.87	-2.32 ± 0.97
High Latitude Oceans	-0.97 ± 0.53	-0.93 ± 0.52	-0.68 ± 0.41
Extratropical Oceans	-3.44 ± 1.05	-3.29 ± 1.02	-3.00 ± 1.08
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.54 ± 0.85	-1.46 ± 0.83	-1.28 ± 0.97
Northern Boreal Land	-0.95 ± 0.85	-0.94 ± 0.84	-1.11 ± 4.33
Northern Temperate Land	-0.95 ± 0.84	-0.96 ± 0.85	-0.83 ± 3.00
Tropical land minus northern land	2.19 ± 1.35	2.15 ± 1.34	2.39 ± 5.73
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.36 ± 0.93	-1.35 ± 0.92	-1.36 ± 4.34
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 1.11	-1.90 ± 1.09	-1.64 ± 3.06
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.21 ± 0.80	-1.18 ± 0.80	-1.66 ± 1.37
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.99 ± 1.34	-0.96 ± 1.37	-0.97 ± 2.68
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.98	2.29 ± 1.98	2.02 ± 5.96
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.45 ± 1.53	2.40 ± 1.53	2.24 ± 5.85







Table 28: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2019B compared to CT2015, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2018	2001-2014
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2015
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.72	1.74	1.74
South American Tropical	0.11	0.11	0.11
South American Temperate	0.18	0.17	0.17
Northern Africa	0.17	0.16	0.16
Southern Africa	0.15	0.14	0.14
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.23	0.20
Eurasia Temperate	3.36	3.09	3.03
Tropical Asia	0.68	0.63	0.62
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.45	1.48	1.48
North Pacific Temperate	0.32	0.31	0.36
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.05
North Atlantic Temperate	0.08	0.08	0.10
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.06
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.10
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2014
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2015
Northern Land	6.80	6.58	6.48
Northern Oceans	0.44	0.42	0.50
Northern	7.24	7.00	6.98
Tropical Land	0.97	0.90	0.90
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.16	0.19
Tropical	1.14	1.06	1.09
Southern Land	0.43	0.41	0.41
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.45	0.45
Americas	2.05	2.05	2.05
Atlantic and Arctic	0.17	0.17	0.21
Eurasia and Africa	1.77	1.78	1.78
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.09	0.11
Asia	4.38	4.05	3.95
Pacific Ocean	0.37	0.35	0.41
All Land	8.19	7.89	7.78
All Ocean	0.65	0.62	0.73
Global	8.84	8.51	8.51
North America	1.75	1.77	1.77
Extratropical Eurasia	5.05	4.80	4.71
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.40	0.39	0.46
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.39	1.31	1.31
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.04
Temperate Oceans	0.44	0.42	0.50
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.05
Extratropical Oceans	0.48	0.46	0.54
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.20	0.23
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.26	0.23
Northern Temperate Land	6.54	6.32	6.25
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.83	-5.68	-5.58
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.29	0.27
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.94	6.71	6.71
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.45	0.45
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.60	1.51	1.53
Tropics and south minus north	-5.64	-5.49	-5.45
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.26	-5.17







Table 29: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2019B compared to CT2013B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2018	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2013B
North American Boreal	-0.24 ± 0.28	-0.23 ± 0.31	-0.13 ± 0.94
North American Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.28	-0.31 ± 0.28	-0.14 ± 0.89
South American Tropical	0.25 ± 0.53	0.24 ± 0.53	-0.04 ± 1.70
South American Temperate	-0.05 ± 0.37	-0.04 ± 0.39	-0.09 ± 1.10
Northern Africa	-0.16 ± 0.35	-0.17 ± 0.36	-0.10 ± 1.06
Southern Africa	0.28 ± 0.29	0.29 ± 0.31	0.06 ± 1.17
Eurasia Boreal	-0.71 ± 0.80	-0.69 ± 0.80	-0.97 ± 3.98
Eurasia Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.50	-0.58 ± 0.51	-0.38 ± 1.40
Tropical Asia	0.21 ± 0.14	0.21 ± 0.15	0.09 ± 0.61
Australia	0.03 ± 0.10	0.03 ± 0.11	-0.00 ± 0.34
Europe	-0.06 ± 0.60	-0.04 ± 0.60	-0.12 ± 2.04
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.61	-0.65 ± 0.59	-0.52 ± 0.44
West Pacific Tropical	-0.01 ± 0.09	-0.00 ± 0.09	0.03 ± 0.09
East Pacific Tropical	0.37 ± 0.42	0.38 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.40
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.37	-0.51 ± 0.38	-0.52 ± 0.50
Northern Ocean	-0.42 ± 0.34	-0.41 ± 0.33	-0.30 ± 0.28
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.33 ± 0.40	-0.28 ± 0.39	-0.34 ± 0.35
Atlantic Tropical	0.06 ± 0.17	0.07 ± 0.18	0.13 ± 0.14
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.26	-0.51 ± 0.28	-0.21 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.46 ± 0.34	-0.43 ± 0.33
Indian Tropical	0.05 ± 0.18	0.05 ± 0.20	0.14 ± 0.19
South Indian Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.31	-0.44 ± 0.27	-0.56 ± 0.43
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2013B
Northern Land	-1.89 ± 1.18	-1.85 ± 1.20	-1.75 ± 4.92
Northern Oceans	-1.43 ± 0.82	-1.34 ± 0.80	-1.17 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.32 ± 1.44	-3.19 ± 1.44	-2.93 ± 4.96
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.69	0.29 ± 0.71	-0.05 ± 2.10
Tropical Ocean	0.47 ± 0.49	0.50 ± 0.51	0.70 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.77 ± 0.85	0.79 ± 0.88	0.65 ± 2.15
Southern Land	0.26 ± 0.53	0.28 ± 0.57	-0.04 ± 1.64
Ocean in South	-2.01 ± 0.67	-1.92 ± 0.65	-1.72 ± 0.84
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.87	-1.64 ± 0.87	-1.76 ± 1.85
Americas	-0.37 ± 0.83	-0.35 ± 0.86	-0.41 ± 2.41
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.15 ± 0.60	-1.13 ± 0.60	-0.73 ± 0.54
Eurasia and Africa	0.05 ± 0.78	0.08 ± 0.81	-0.16 ± 2.58
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.36	-0.39 ± 0.34	-0.41 ± 0.47
Asia	-1.02 ± 0.96	-1.01 ± 0.96	-1.27 ± 4.27
Pacific Ocean	-0.86 ± 0.79	-0.78 ± 0.79	-0.61 ± 0.77
All Land	-1.34 ± 1.62	-1.28 ± 1.68	-1.85 ± 5.60
All Ocean	-2.97 ± 1.14	-2.76 ± 1.11	-2.19 ± 1.23
Global	-4.31 ± 1.96	-4.04 ± 1.99	-4.03 ± 5.74
North America	-0.57 ± 0.40	-0.55 ± 0.42	-0.28 ± 1.29
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.32 ± 1.12	-1.31 ± 1.12	-1.48 ± 4.72
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.01 ± 0.72	-0.94 ± 0.70	-0.87 ± 0.57
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.46 ± 0.58	-1.46 ± 0.58	-1.28 ± 0.78
Tropical and Southern Land	0.56 ± 1.03	0.57 ± 1.09	-0.09 ± 2.67
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.43	0.38 ± 0.44	0.43 ± 0.42
Temperate Oceans	-2.48 ± 0.89	-2.40 ± 0.87	-2.15 ± 0.97
High Latitude Oceans	-0.97 ± 0.53	-0.86 ± 0.49	-0.74 ± 0.43
Extratropical Oceans	-3.44 ± 1.05	-3.26 ± 1.01	-2.89 ± 1.09
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.54 ± 0.85	-1.42 ± 0.84	-1.01 ± 1.02
Northern Boreal Land	-0.95 ± 0.85	-0.92 ± 0.86	-1.11 ± 4.10
Northern Temperate Land	-0.95 ± 0.84	-0.93 ± 0.86	-0.65 ± 2.66
Tropical land minus northern land	2.19 ± 1.35	2.14 ± 1.36	1.70 ± 5.35
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.36 ± 0.93	-1.32 ± 0.93	-1.41 ± 4.12
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 1.11	-1.87 ± 1.10	-1.51 ± 2.72
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.21 ± 0.80	-1.18 ± 0.82	-1.32 ± 1.82
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.99 ± 1.34	-0.85 ± 1.38	-1.11 ± 2.86
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.98	2.34 ± 2.00	1.82 ± 5.72
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.45 ± 1.53	2.42 ± 1.55	1.66 ± 5.60







Table 30: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2019B compared to CT2013B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2018	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2013B
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.72	1.75	1.75
South American Tropical	0.11	0.11	0.11
South American Temperate	0.18	0.16	0.17
Northern Africa	0.17	0.16	0.16
Southern Africa	0.15	0.14	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.22	0.19
Eurasia Temperate	3.36	2.92	2.90
Tropical Asia	0.68	0.60	0.59
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.45	1.50	1.50
North Pacific Temperate	0.32	0.30	0.34
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.08	0.08	0.09
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.05
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2013B
Northern Land	6.80	6.43	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.44	0.41	0.47
Northern	7.24	6.84	6.84
Tropical Land	0.97	0.86	0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.15	0.17
Tropical	1.14	1.02	1.03
Southern Land	0.43	0.40	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.44	0.43
Americas	2.05	2.05	2.05
Atlantic and Arctic	0.17	0.17	0.19
Eurasia and Africa	1.77	1.79	1.79
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.09	0.10
Asia	4.38	3.85	3.78
Pacific Ocean	0.37	0.34	0.39
All Land	8.19	7.69	7.61
All Ocean	0.65	0.60	0.68
Global	8.84	8.29	8.30
North America	1.75	1.78	1.78
Extratropical Eurasia	5.05	4.64	4.59
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.40	0.38	0.43
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.39	1.26	1.25
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.03
Temperate Oceans	0.44	0.41	0.47
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.48	0.45	0.51
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.19	0.21
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.25	0.22
Northern Temperate Land	6.54	6.17	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.83	-5.57	-5.51
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.29	0.26
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.94	6.55	6.58
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.44	0.43
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.60	1.45	1.46
Tropics and south minus north	-5.64	-5.39	-5.37
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.16	-5.11







Table 31: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2019B compared to CT2013, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2018	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2013
North American Boreal	-0.24 ± 0.28	-0.23 ± 0.31	-0.17 ± 0.79
North American Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.28	-0.31 ± 0.28	-0.44 ± 0.78
South American Tropical	0.25 ± 0.53	0.24 ± 0.53	0.01 ± 1.63
South American Temperate	-0.05 ± 0.37	-0.04 ± 0.39	0.04 ± 1.13
Northern Africa	-0.16 ± 0.35	-0.17 ± 0.36	-0.09 ± 1.01
Southern Africa	0.28 ± 0.29	0.29 ± 0.31	0.08 ± 1.11
Eurasia Boreal	-0.71 ± 0.80	-0.69 ± 0.80	-0.99 ± 3.49
Eurasia Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.50	-0.58 ± 0.51	-0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Asia	0.21 ± 0.14	0.21 ± 0.15	0.12 ± 0.56
Australia	0.03 ± 0.10	0.03 ± 0.11	0.02 ± 0.32
Europe	-0.06 ± 0.60	-0.04 ± 0.60	-0.38 ± 1.81
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.61	-0.65 ± 0.59	-0.44 ± 0.37
West Pacific Tropical	-0.01 ± 0.09	-0.00 ± 0.09	0.03 ± 0.09
East Pacific Tropical	0.37 ± 0.42	0.38 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.40
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.37	-0.51 ± 0.38	-0.54 ± 0.52
Northern Ocean	-0.42 ± 0.34	-0.41 ± 0.33	-0.30 ± 0.26
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.33 ± 0.40	-0.28 ± 0.39	-0.30 ± 0.32
Atlantic Tropical	0.06 ± 0.17	0.07 ± 0.18	0.13 ± 0.14
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.26	-0.51 ± 0.28	-0.18 ± 0.21
Southern Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.46 ± 0.34	-0.31 ± 0.28
Indian Tropical	0.05 ± 0.18	0.05 ± 0.20	0.15 ± 0.19
South Indian Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.31	-0.44 ± 0.27	-0.53 ± 0.43
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2013
Northern Land	-1.89 ± 1.18	-1.85 ± 1.20	-2.35 ± 4.36
Northern Oceans	-1.43 ± 0.82	-1.34 ± 0.80	-1.04 ± 0.55
Northern	-3.32 ± 1.44	-3.19 ± 1.44	-3.39 ± 4.39
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.69	0.29 ± 0.71	0.04 ± 2.00
Tropical Ocean	0.47 ± 0.49	0.50 ± 0.51	0.72 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.77 ± 0.85	0.79 ± 0.88	0.75 ± 2.06
Southern Land	0.26 ± 0.53	0.28 ± 0.57	0.14 ± 1.62
Ocean in South	-2.01 ± 0.67	-1.92 ± 0.65	-1.56 ± 0.85
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.87	-1.64 ± 0.87	-1.41 ± 1.83
Americas	-0.37 ± 0.83	-0.35 ± 0.86	-0.56 ± 2.29
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.15 ± 0.60	-1.13 ± 0.60	-0.64 ± 0.49
Eurasia and Africa	0.05 ± 0.78	0.08 ± 0.81	-0.38 ± 2.36
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.36	-0.39 ± 0.34	-0.39 ± 0.47
Asia	-1.02 ± 0.96	-1.01 ± 0.96	-1.23 ± 3.80
Pacific Ocean	-0.86 ± 0.79	-0.78 ± 0.79	-0.54 ± 0.76
All Land	-1.34 ± 1.62	-1.28 ± 1.68	-2.17 ± 5.07
All Ocean	-2.97 ± 1.14	-2.76 ± 1.11	-1.88 ± 1.17
Global	-4.31 ± 1.96	-4.04 ± 1.99	-4.05 ± 5.20
North America	-0.57 ± 0.40	-0.55 ± 0.42	-0.61 ± 1.12
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.32 ± 1.12	-1.31 ± 1.12	-1.74 ± 4.18
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.01 ± 0.72	-0.94 ± 0.70	-0.74 ± 0.49
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.46 ± 0.58	-1.46 ± 0.58	-1.25 ± 0.81
Tropical and Southern Land	0.56 ± 1.03	0.57 ± 1.09	0.18 ± 2.58
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.43	0.38 ± 0.44	0.44 ± 0.42
Temperate Oceans	-2.48 ± 0.89	-2.40 ± 0.87	-1.99 ± 0.94
High Latitude Oceans	-0.97 ± 0.53	-0.86 ± 0.49	-0.61 ± 0.38
Extratropical Oceans	-3.44 ± 1.05	-3.26 ± 1.01	-2.60 ± 1.03
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.54 ± 0.85	-1.42 ± 0.84	-0.84 ± 1.03
Northern Boreal Land	-0.95 ± 0.85	-0.92 ± 0.86	-1.16 ± 3.59
Northern Temperate Land	-0.95 ± 0.84	-0.93 ± 0.86	-1.19 ± 2.41
Tropical land minus northern land	2.19 ± 1.35	2.14 ± 1.36	2.38 ± 4.80
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.36 ± 0.93	-1.32 ± 0.93	-1.45 ± 3.60
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 1.11	-1.87 ± 1.10	-1.93 ± 2.46
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.21 ± 0.80	-1.18 ± 0.82	-1.10 ± 1.82
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.99 ± 1.34	-0.85 ± 1.38	-0.66 ± 2.78
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.98	2.34 ± 2.00	2.73 ± 5.20
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.45 ± 1.53	2.42 ± 1.55	2.53 ± 5.07







Table 32: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2019B compared to CT2013, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2018	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2013
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.72	1.75	1.75
South American Tropical	0.11	0.11	0.11
South American Temperate	0.18	0.16	0.17
Northern Africa	0.17	0.16	0.16
Southern Africa	0.15	0.14	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.22	0.19
Eurasia Temperate	3.36	2.92	2.90
Tropical Asia	0.68	0.60	0.59
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.45	1.50	1.50
North Pacific Temperate	0.32	0.30	0.34
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.08	0.08	0.09
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.05
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2013
Northern Land	6.80	6.43	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.44	0.41	0.47
Northern	7.24	6.84	6.84
Tropical Land	0.97	0.86	0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.15	0.17
Tropical	1.14	1.02	1.03
Southern Land	0.43	0.40	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.44	0.43
Americas	2.05	2.05	2.05
Atlantic and Arctic	0.17	0.17	0.19
Eurasia and Africa	1.77	1.79	1.79
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.09	0.10
Asia	4.38	3.85	3.78
Pacific Ocean	0.37	0.34	0.39
All Land	8.19	7.69	7.61
All Ocean	0.65	0.60	0.68
Global	8.84	8.29	8.30
North America	1.75	1.78	1.78
Extratropical Eurasia	5.05	4.64	4.59
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.40	0.38	0.43
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.39	1.26	1.25
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.03
Temperate Oceans	0.44	0.41	0.47
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.48	0.45	0.51
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.19	0.21
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.25	0.22
Northern Temperate Land	6.54	6.17	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.83	-5.57	-5.51
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.29	0.26
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.94	6.55	6.58
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.44	0.43
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.60	1.45	1.46
Tropics and south minus north	-5.64	-5.39	-5.37
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.16	-5.11







Table 33: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2019B compared to CT2011_oi, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2018	2001-2010
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2011_oi
North American Boreal	-0.24 ± 0.28	-0.19 ± 0.31	-0.13 ± 0.91
North American Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.28	-0.34 ± 0.30	-0.45 ± 0.87
South American Tropical	0.25 ± 0.53	0.26 ± 0.58	0.18 ± 1.53
South American Temperate	-0.05 ± 0.37	-0.01 ± 0.38	0.09 ± 1.18
Northern Africa	-0.16 ± 0.35	-0.13 ± 0.35	-0.05 ± 0.99
Southern Africa	0.28 ± 0.29	0.29 ± 0.31	0.13 ± 1.02
Eurasia Boreal	-0.71 ± 0.80	-0.71 ± 0.84	-0.96 ± 3.40
Eurasia Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.50	-0.58 ± 0.52	-0.37 ± 1.35
Tropical Asia	0.21 ± 0.14	0.22 ± 0.16	0.16 ± 0.55
Australia	0.03 ± 0.10	0.05 ± 0.10	-0.02 ± 0.46
Europe	-0.06 ± 0.60	-0.04 ± 0.60	-0.35 ± 1.82
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.61	-0.65 ± 0.58	-0.40 ± 0.40
West Pacific Tropical	-0.01 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.09	0.02 ± 0.09
East Pacific Tropical	0.37 ± 0.42	0.40 ± 0.44	0.35 ± 0.35
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.37	-0.49 ± 0.37	-0.58 ± 0.57
Northern Ocean	-0.42 ± 0.34	-0.38 ± 0.32	-0.24 ± 0.23
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.33 ± 0.40	-0.26 ± 0.37	-0.39 ± 0.39
Atlantic Tropical	0.06 ± 0.17	0.07 ± 0.18	0.18 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.26	-0.53 ± 0.29	-0.17 ± 0.21
Southern Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.40 ± 0.32	-0.27 ± 0.26
Indian Tropical	0.05 ± 0.18	0.07 ± 0.20	0.18 ± 0.22
South Indian Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.31	-0.45 ± 0.28	-0.67 ± 0.45
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2010
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2011_oi
Northern Land	-1.89 ± 1.18	-1.87 ± 1.23	-2.27 ± 4.33
Northern Oceans	-1.43 ± 0.82	-1.30 ± 0.79	-1.02 ± 0.61
Northern	-3.32 ± 1.44	-3.17 ± 1.46	-3.30 ± 4.37
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.69	0.35 ± 0.74	0.29 ± 1.90
Tropical Ocean	0.47 ± 0.49	0.53 ± 0.51	0.72 ± 0.51
Tropical	0.77 ± 0.85	0.88 ± 0.90	1.01 ± 1.97
Southern Land	0.26 ± 0.53	0.33 ± 0.57	0.20 ± 1.63
Ocean in South	-2.01 ± 0.67	-1.87 ± 0.64	-1.69 ± 0.90
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.87	-1.55 ± 0.86	-1.49 ± 1.87
Americas	-0.37 ± 0.83	-0.28 ± 0.90	-0.32 ± 2.32
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.15 ± 0.60	-1.11 ± 0.60	-0.61 ± 0.55
Eurasia and Africa	0.05 ± 0.78	0.11 ± 0.78	-0.28 ± 2.31
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.36	-0.39 ± 0.34	-0.50 ± 0.49
Asia	-1.02 ± 0.96	-1.02 ± 1.00	-1.19 ± 3.73
Pacific Ocean	-0.86 ± 0.79	-0.75 ± 0.78	-0.62 ± 0.76
All Land	-1.34 ± 1.62	-1.20 ± 1.72	-1.79 ± 5.00
All Ocean	-2.97 ± 1.14	-2.64 ± 1.10	-2.00 ± 1.23
Global	-4.31 ± 1.96	-3.83 ± 2.01	-3.78 ± 5.15
North America	-0.57 ± 0.40	-0.54 ± 0.44	-0.59 ± 1.27
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.32 ± 1.12	-1.33 ± 1.15	-1.69 ± 4.12
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.01 ± 0.72	-0.91 ± 0.69	-0.79 ± 0.57
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.46 ± 0.58	-1.48 ± 0.58	-1.42 ± 0.86
Tropical and Southern Land	0.56 ± 1.03	0.67 ± 1.12	0.48 ± 2.50
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.43	0.40 ± 0.45	0.37 ± 0.37
Temperate Oceans	-2.48 ± 0.89	-2.39 ± 0.86	-2.21 ± 1.02
High Latitude Oceans	-0.97 ± 0.53	-0.78 ± 0.47	-0.51 ± 0.33
Extratropical Oceans	-3.44 ± 1.05	-3.17 ± 1.00	-2.72 ± 1.14
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.54 ± 0.85	-1.34 ± 0.83	-0.97 ± 1.03
Northern Boreal Land	-0.95 ± 0.85	-0.90 ± 0.90	-1.09 ± 3.52
Northern Temperate Land	-0.95 ± 0.84	-0.97 ± 0.86	-1.18 ± 2.46
Tropical land minus northern land	2.19 ± 1.35	2.22 ± 1.41	2.56 ± 4.74
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.36 ± 0.93	-1.29 ± 0.97	-1.33 ± 3.53
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 1.11	-1.88 ± 1.10	-1.96 ± 2.53
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.21 ± 0.80	-1.15 ± 0.82	-1.22 ± 1.85
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.99 ± 1.34	-0.66 ± 1.40	-0.49 ± 2.71
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.98	2.51 ± 2.04	2.81 ± 5.14
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.45 ± 1.53	2.54 ± 1.61	2.76 ± 5.01







Table 34: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2019B compared to CT2011_oi, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2018	2001-2010
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2011_oi
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.72	1.77	1.81
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.18	0.16	0.16
Northern Africa	0.17	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.15	0.14	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.22	0.19
Eurasia Temperate	3.36	2.72	2.78
Tropical Asia	0.68	0.56	0.56
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.45	1.51	1.55
North Pacific Temperate	0.32	0.29	0.23
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.08	0.08	0.06
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.04
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.07
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2010
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2011_oi
Northern Land	6.80	6.25	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.44	0.40	0.32
Northern	7.24	6.65	6.68
Tropical Land	0.97	0.81	0.82
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.15	0.12
Tropical	1.14	0.96	0.95
Southern Land	0.43	0.39	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.03
Southern	0.46	0.43	0.42
Americas	2.05	2.06	2.10
Atlantic and Arctic	0.17	0.17	0.13
Eurasia and Africa	1.77	1.80	1.84
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.09	0.08
Asia	4.38	3.60	3.63
Pacific Ocean	0.37	0.33	0.26
All Land	8.19	7.45	7.58
All Ocean	0.65	0.59	0.47
Global	8.84	8.04	8.05
North America	1.75	1.80	1.83
Extratropical Eurasia	5.05	4.45	4.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.40	0.37	0.29
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.02
Tropical and Southern Land	1.39	1.20	1.22
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.02
Temperate Oceans	0.44	0.40	0.32
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.48	0.44	0.35
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.19	0.15
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.24	0.22
Northern Temperate Land	6.54	6.00	6.14
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.83	-5.44	-5.53
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.28	0.25
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.94	6.37	6.43
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.43	0.42
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.60	1.39	1.37
Tropics and south minus north	-5.64	-5.26	-5.31
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-5.04	-5.14







Table 35: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2019B compared to CT2010, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2018	2001-2009
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2010
North American Boreal	-0.24 ± 0.28	-0.18 ± 0.32	-0.11 ± 0.35
North American Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.28	-0.34 ± 0.31	-0.49 ± 0.39
South American Tropical	0.25 ± 0.53	0.23 ± 0.61	0.13 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	-0.05 ± 0.37	-0.01 ± 0.39	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.16 ± 0.35	-0.11 ± 0.35	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.28 ± 0.29	0.29 ± 0.30	0.10 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.71 ± 0.80	-0.72 ± 0.87	-0.83 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.50	-0.60 ± 0.53	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.21 ± 0.14	0.21 ± 0.17	0.15 ± 0.20
Australia	0.03 ± 0.10	0.05 ± 0.10	-0.09 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.06 ± 0.60	-0.06 ± 0.61	-0.28 ± 0.75
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.61	-0.63 ± 0.58	-0.40 ± 0.38
West Pacific Tropical	-0.01 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.09	0.02 ± 0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.37 ± 0.42	0.41 ± 0.44	0.39 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.37	-0.47 ± 0.37	-0.57 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.42 ± 0.34	-0.40 ± 0.32	-0.29 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.33 ± 0.40	-0.27 ± 0.37	-0.37 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.06 ± 0.17	0.07 ± 0.18	0.19 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.26	-0.54 ± 0.29	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.37 ± 0.31	-0.19 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.05 ± 0.18	0.07 ± 0.21	0.16 ± 0.12
South Indian Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.31	-0.45 ± 0.27	-0.69 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2009
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2010
Northern Land	-1.89 ± 1.18	-1.89 ± 1.26	-2.06 ± 1.62
Northern Oceans	-1.43 ± 0.82	-1.30 ± 0.78	-1.07 ± 0.61
Northern	-3.32 ± 1.44	-3.19 ± 1.48	-3.13 ± 1.73
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.69	0.33 ± 0.77	0.30 ± 0.85
Tropical Ocean	0.47 ± 0.49	0.55 ± 0.52	0.75 ± 0.34
Tropical	0.77 ± 0.85	0.88 ± 0.93	1.06 ± 0.92
Southern Land	0.26 ± 0.53	0.33 ± 0.57	-0.02 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-2.01 ± 0.67	-1.84 ± 0.63	-1.58 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.87	-1.51 ± 0.86	-1.60 ± 1.23
Americas	-0.37 ± 0.83	-0.29 ± 0.94	-0.50 ± 1.15
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.15 ± 0.60	-1.13 ± 0.59	-0.62 ± 0.58
Eurasia and Africa	0.05 ± 0.78	0.12 ± 0.77	-0.16 ± 1.09
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.36	-0.38 ± 0.34	-0.53 ± 0.26
Asia	-1.02 ± 0.96	-1.06 ± 1.03	-1.11 ± 1.34
Pacific Ocean	-0.86 ± 0.79	-0.71 ± 0.78	-0.56 ± 0.61
All Land	-1.34 ± 1.62	-1.23 ± 1.76	-1.78 ± 2.10
All Ocean	-2.97 ± 1.14	-2.59 ± 1.10	-1.89 ± 1.09
Global	-4.31 ± 1.96	-3.82 ± 2.04	-3.67 ± 2.37
North America	-0.57 ± 0.40	-0.51 ± 0.45	-0.60 ± 0.52
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.32 ± 1.12	-1.38 ± 1.18	-1.46 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.01 ± 0.72	-0.90 ± 0.68	-0.77 ± 0.59
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.46 ± 0.58	-1.47 ± 0.58	-1.39 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.56 ± 1.03	0.66 ± 1.14	0.28 ± 1.34
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.43	0.40 ± 0.45	0.41 ± 0.23
Temperate Oceans	-2.48 ± 0.89	-2.37 ± 0.86	-2.17 ± 0.81
High Latitude Oceans	-0.97 ± 0.53	-0.77 ± 0.46	-0.48 ± 0.35
Extratropical Oceans	-3.44 ± 1.05	-3.14 ± 0.98	-2.65 ± 0.96
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.54 ± 0.85	-1.29 ± 0.84	-0.83 ± 0.85
Northern Boreal Land	-0.95 ± 0.85	-0.89 ± 0.93	-0.94 ± 1.21
Northern Temperate Land	-0.95 ± 0.84	-1.00 ± 0.88	-1.12 ± 1.02
Tropical land minus northern land	2.19 ± 1.35	2.22 ± 1.45	2.36 ± 1.83
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.36 ± 0.93	-1.29 ± 0.99	-1.23 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 1.11	-1.90 ± 1.11	-1.89 ± 1.18
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.21 ± 0.80	-1.14 ± 0.82	-1.41 ± 1.21
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.99 ± 1.34	-0.63 ± 1.42	-0.54 ± 1.58
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.98	2.56 ± 2.07	2.59 ± 2.33
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.45 ± 1.53	2.55 ± 1.65	2.35 ± 2.10







Table 36: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2019B compared to CT2010, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2018	2001-2009
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2010
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.72	1.78	1.83
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.18	0.15	0.16
Northern Africa	0.17	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.15	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.21	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	3.36	2.63	2.78
Tropical Asia	0.68	0.54	0.57
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.11
Europe	1.45	1.52	1.55
North Pacific Temperate	0.32	0.28	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.08	0.08	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.07	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2009
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2010
Northern Land	6.80	6.16	6.35
Northern Oceans	0.44	0.40	0.15
Northern	7.24	6.56	6.50
Tropical Land	0.97	0.79	0.83
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.15	0.06
Tropical	1.14	0.94	0.89
Southern Land	0.43	0.39	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.03	0.01
Southern	0.46	0.42	0.41
Americas	2.05	2.06	2.11
Atlantic and Arctic	0.17	0.16	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.77	1.80	1.84
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.09	0.03
Asia	4.38	3.48	3.62
Pacific Ocean	0.37	0.33	0.12
All Land	8.19	7.34	7.57
All Ocean	0.65	0.58	0.22
Global	8.84	7.92	7.79
North America	1.75	1.81	1.85
Extratropical Eurasia	5.05	4.36	4.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.40	0.36	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.39	1.18	1.22
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.44	0.40	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.48	0.43	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.18	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.24	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.54	5.92	6.16
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.83	-5.38	-5.52
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.28	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.94	6.28	6.30
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.42	0.41
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.60	1.36	1.30
Tropics and south minus north	-5.64	-5.21	-5.20
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-4.99	-5.12







Table 37: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2019B compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2018	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2009
North American Boreal	-0.24 ± 0.28	-0.18 ± 0.32	-0.11 ± 0.36
North American Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.28	-0.34 ± 0.32	-0.49 ± 0.41
South American Tropical	0.25 ± 0.53	0.25 ± 0.63	0.15 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	-0.05 ± 0.37	0.00 ± 0.39	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.16 ± 0.35	-0.12 ± 0.35	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.28 ± 0.29	0.28 ± 0.29	0.12 ± 0.63
Eurasia Boreal	-0.71 ± 0.80	-0.70 ± 0.89	-0.80 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.50	-0.58 ± 0.53	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.21 ± 0.14	0.20 ± 0.18	0.16 ± 0.20
Australia	0.03 ± 0.10	0.05 ± 0.11	-0.09 ± 0.32
Europe	-0.06 ± 0.60	-0.06 ± 0.61	-0.25 ± 0.76
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.61	-0.61 ± 0.58	-0.41 ± 0.38
West Pacific Tropical	-0.01 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.09	0.02 ± 0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.37 ± 0.42	0.43 ± 0.45	0.40 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.37	-0.46 ± 0.37	-0.56 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.42 ± 0.34	-0.38 ± 0.32	-0.29 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.33 ± 0.40	-0.27 ± 0.38	-0.37 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.06 ± 0.17	0.08 ± 0.18	0.19 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.26	-0.54 ± 0.29	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.35 ± 0.31	-0.19 ± 0.31
Indian Tropical	0.05 ± 0.18	0.07 ± 0.22	0.16 ± 0.12
South Indian Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.31	-0.46 ± 0.27	-0.68 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2009
Northern Land	-1.89 ± 1.18	-1.86 ± 1.29	-2.00 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.43 ± 0.82	-1.26 ± 0.77	-1.07 ± 0.61
Northern	-3.32 ± 1.44	-3.11 ± 1.50	-3.08 ± 1.74
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.69	0.33 ± 0.80	0.35 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.47 ± 0.49	0.57 ± 0.53	0.76 ± 0.34
Tropical	0.77 ± 0.85	0.89 ± 0.96	1.11 ± 0.93
Southern Land	0.26 ± 0.53	0.33 ± 0.56	-0.00 ± 1.05
Ocean in South	-2.01 ± 0.67	-1.80 ± 0.63	-1.57 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.87	-1.47 ± 0.85	-1.57 ± 1.24
Americas	-0.37 ± 0.83	-0.27 ± 0.97	-0.47 ± 1.16
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.15 ± 0.60	-1.11 ± 0.59	-0.61 ± 0.58
Eurasia and Africa	0.05 ± 0.78	0.11 ± 0.78	-0.10 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.36	-0.39 ± 0.34	-0.53 ± 0.26
Asia	-1.02 ± 0.96	-1.03 ± 1.05	-1.08 ± 1.35
Pacific Ocean	-0.86 ± 0.79	-0.65 ± 0.80	-0.56 ± 0.61
All Land	-1.34 ± 1.62	-1.19 ± 1.81	-1.65 ± 2.12
All Ocean	-2.97 ± 1.14	-2.50 ± 1.10	-1.89 ± 1.09
Global	-4.31 ± 1.96	-3.69 ± 2.09	-3.54 ± 2.38
North America	-0.57 ± 0.40	-0.52 ± 0.46	-0.59 ± 0.54
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.32 ± 1.12	-1.34 ± 1.21	-1.41 ± 1.53
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.01 ± 0.72	-0.88 ± 0.69	-0.79 ± 0.59
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.46 ± 0.58	-1.46 ± 0.57	-1.38 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.56 ± 1.03	0.66 ± 1.17	0.35 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.43	0.42 ± 0.46	0.42 ± 0.23
Temperate Oceans	-2.48 ± 0.89	-2.34 ± 0.86	-2.17 ± 0.81
High Latitude Oceans	-0.97 ± 0.53	-0.72 ± 0.45	-0.47 ± 0.35
Extratropical Oceans	-3.44 ± 1.05	-3.06 ± 0.98	-2.64 ± 0.95
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.54 ± 0.85	-1.24 ± 0.85	-0.81 ± 0.85
Northern Boreal Land	-0.95 ± 0.85	-0.87 ± 0.95	-0.91 ± 1.22
Northern Temperate Land	-0.95 ± 0.84	-0.98 ± 0.90	-1.09 ± 1.04
Tropical land minus northern land	2.19 ± 1.35	2.18 ± 1.48	2.35 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.36 ± 0.93	-1.25 ± 1.01	-1.20 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 1.11	-1.86 ± 1.12	-1.88 ± 1.20
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.21 ± 0.80	-1.12 ± 0.81	-1.38 ± 1.22
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.99 ± 1.34	-0.58 ± 1.45	-0.46 ± 1.60
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.98	2.54 ± 2.09	2.61 ± 2.34
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.45 ± 1.53	2.52 ± 1.67	2.35 ± 2.12







Table 38: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2019B compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2018	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2009
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.72	1.79	1.84
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.18	0.15	0.16
Northern Africa	0.17	0.14	0.16
Southern Africa	0.15	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.21	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	3.36	2.54	2.73
Tropical Asia	0.68	0.52	0.55
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.45	1.53	1.58
North Pacific Temperate	0.32	0.28	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.08	0.08	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.07	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2009
Northern Land	6.80	6.10	6.34
Northern Oceans	0.44	0.39	0.15
Northern	7.24	6.50	6.49
Tropical Land	0.97	0.77	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.14	0.06
Tropical	1.14	0.91	0.87
Southern Land	0.43	0.38	0.39
Ocean in South	0.04	0.03	0.01
Southern	0.46	0.42	0.40
Americas	2.05	2.07	2.12
Atlantic and Arctic	0.17	0.16	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.77	1.81	1.86
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.09	0.03
Asia	4.38	3.37	3.56
Pacific Ocean	0.37	0.32	0.12
All Land	8.19	7.25	7.54
All Ocean	0.65	0.57	0.22
Global	8.84	7.82	7.76
North America	1.75	1.82	1.86
Extratropical Eurasia	5.05	4.28	4.48
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.40	0.36	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.39	1.15	1.21
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.44	0.39	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.48	0.43	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.18	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.24	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.54	5.86	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.83	-5.34	-5.53
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.28	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.94	6.22	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.41	0.40
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.60	1.33	1.28
Tropics and south minus north	-5.64	-5.17	-5.21
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-4.96	-5.13







Table 39: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2019B compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2018	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2008
North American Boreal	-0.24 ± 0.28	-0.16 ± 0.33	-0.12 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.28	-0.37 ± 0.32	-0.60 ± 0.44
South American Tropical	0.25 ± 0.53	0.29 ± 0.64	0.17 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	-0.05 ± 0.37	0.03 ± 0.39	-0.04 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.16 ± 0.35	-0.09 ± 0.36	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.28 ± 0.29	0.29 ± 0.31	0.17 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.71 ± 0.80	-0.73 ± 0.93	-0.82 ± 1.17
Eurasia Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.50	-0.53 ± 0.54	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.21 ± 0.14	0.21 ± 0.19	0.19 ± 0.21
Australia	0.03 ± 0.10	0.05 ± 0.11	-0.06 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.06 ± 0.60	-0.02 ± 0.62	-0.25 ± 0.73
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.61	-0.62 ± 0.56	-0.42 ± 0.38
West Pacific Tropical	-0.01 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.09	0.02 ± 0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.37 ± 0.42	0.45 ± 0.46	0.41 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.37	-0.44 ± 0.37	-0.54 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.42 ± 0.34	-0.34 ± 0.30	-0.28 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.33 ± 0.40	-0.28 ± 0.38	-0.38 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.06 ± 0.17	0.08 ± 0.18	0.19 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.26	-0.55 ± 0.30	-0.13 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.35 ± 0.30	-0.18 ± 0.30
Indian Tropical	0.05 ± 0.18	0.08 ± 0.22	0.16 ± 0.12
South Indian Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.31	-0.44 ± 0.26	-0.67 ± 0.23
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2008
Northern Land	-1.89 ± 1.18	-1.81 ± 1.32	-2.14 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.43 ± 0.82	-1.24 ± 0.76	-1.08 ± 0.60
Northern	-3.32 ± 1.44	-3.05 ± 1.52	-3.23 ± 1.74
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.69	0.40 ± 0.82	0.39 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.47 ± 0.49	0.60 ± 0.53	0.78 ± 0.34
Tropical	0.77 ± 0.85	1.01 ± 0.97	1.16 ± 0.93
Southern Land	0.26 ± 0.53	0.37 ± 0.58	0.06 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-2.01 ± 0.67	-1.78 ± 0.63	-1.51 ± 0.65
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.87	-1.42 ± 0.86	-1.45 ± 1.23
Americas	-0.37 ± 0.83	-0.21 ± 0.98	-0.58 ± 1.17
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.15 ± 0.60	-1.09 ± 0.59	-0.60 ± 0.57
Eurasia and Africa	0.05 ± 0.78	0.17 ± 0.80	-0.06 ± 1.08
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.36	-0.36 ± 0.33	-0.51 ± 0.26
Asia	-1.02 ± 0.96	-1.00 ± 1.08	-1.05 ± 1.36
Pacific Ocean	-0.86 ± 0.79	-0.62 ± 0.79	-0.53 ± 0.61
All Land	-1.34 ± 1.62	-1.04 ± 1.87	-1.70 ± 2.11
All Ocean	-2.97 ± 1.14	-2.42 ± 1.09	-1.82 ± 1.08
Global	-4.31 ± 1.96	-3.46 ± 2.12	-3.52 ± 2.38
North America	-0.57 ± 0.40	-0.53 ± 0.47	-0.72 ± 0.57
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.32 ± 1.12	-1.28 ± 1.24	-1.43 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.01 ± 0.72	-0.90 ± 0.67	-0.80 ± 0.58
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.46 ± 0.58	-1.43 ± 0.58	-1.34 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.56 ± 1.03	0.77 ± 1.22	0.45 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.43	0.44 ± 0.47	0.43 ± 0.23
Temperate Oceans	-2.48 ± 0.89	-2.33 ± 0.85	-2.14 ± 0.81
High Latitude Oceans	-0.97 ± 0.53	-0.69 ± 0.44	-0.46 ± 0.34
Extratropical Oceans	-3.44 ± 1.05	-3.02 ± 0.97	-2.60 ± 0.94
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.54 ± 0.85	-1.18 ± 0.85	-0.74 ± 0.84
Northern Boreal Land	-0.95 ± 0.85	-0.89 ± 0.99	-0.94 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land	-0.95 ± 0.84	-0.92 ± 0.91	-1.20 ± 1.03
Tropical land minus northern land	2.19 ± 1.35	2.21 ± 1.52	2.53 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.36 ± 0.93	-1.23 ± 1.04	-1.23 ± 1.24
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 1.11	-1.82 ± 1.13	-2.00 ± 1.18
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.21 ± 0.80	-1.06 ± 0.82	-1.27 ± 1.21
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.99 ± 1.34	-0.41 ± 1.48	-0.29 ± 1.59
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.98	2.64 ± 2.13	2.94 ± 2.34
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.45 ± 1.53	2.58 ± 1.73	2.59 ± 2.12







Table 40: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2019B compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2018	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2008
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.72	1.79	1.97
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.11
South American Temperate	0.18	0.15	0.15
Northern Africa	0.17	0.14	0.18
Southern Africa	0.15	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.21	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	3.36	2.45	2.64
Tropical Asia	0.68	0.50	0.51
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.45	1.53	1.64
North Pacific Temperate	0.32	0.28	0.14
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.02
North Atlantic Temperate	0.08	0.08	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.04	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.07	0.04
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2008
Northern Land	6.80	6.01	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.44	0.39	0.19
Northern	7.24	6.40	6.55
Tropical Land	0.97	0.74	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.14	0.07
Tropical	1.14	0.88	0.88
Southern Land	0.43	0.37	0.38
Ocean in South	0.04	0.03	0.01
Southern	0.46	0.41	0.39
Americas	2.05	2.07	2.24
Atlantic and Arctic	0.17	0.16	0.09
Eurasia and Africa	1.77	1.80	1.95
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.08	0.04
Asia	4.38	3.26	3.35
Pacific Ocean	0.37	0.32	0.15
All Land	8.19	7.13	7.55
All Ocean	0.65	0.56	0.28
Global	8.84	7.69	7.83
North America	1.75	1.82	1.98
Extratropical Eurasia	5.05	4.19	4.38
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.40	0.35	0.17
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.39	1.12	1.19
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.44	0.38	0.18
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.02
Extratropical Oceans	0.48	0.42	0.20
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.17	0.09
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.24	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.54	5.77	6.24
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.83	-5.27	-5.55
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.27	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.94	6.13	6.41
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.41	0.39
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.60	1.29	1.28
Tropics and south minus north	-5.64	-5.11	-5.28
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-4.89	-5.17







Table 41: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2019B compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2018	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2007B
North American Boreal	-0.24 ± 0.28	-0.11 ± 0.33	-0.14 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.28	-0.35 ± 0.34	-0.54 ± 0.52
South American Tropical	0.25 ± 0.53	0.27 ± 0.67	0.08 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	-0.05 ± 0.37	-0.02 ± 0.40	-0.03 ± 0.76
Northern Africa	-0.16 ± 0.35	-0.05 ± 0.35	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.28 ± 0.29	0.28 ± 0.30	0.21 ± 0.59
Eurasia Boreal	-0.71 ± 0.80	-0.76 ± 1.00	-0.64 ± 1.10
Eurasia Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.50	-0.50 ± 0.56	-0.32 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.21 ± 0.14	0.18 ± 0.20	0.20 ± 0.20
Australia	0.03 ± 0.10	0.05 ± 0.11	-0.10 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.06 ± 0.60	-0.02 ± 0.63	-0.30 ± 0.79
North Pacific Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.61	-0.59 ± 0.53	-0.39 ± 0.37
West Pacific Tropical	-0.01 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.09	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.37 ± 0.42	0.47 ± 0.48	0.38 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.37	-0.44 ± 0.38	-0.49 ± 0.45
Northern Ocean	-0.42 ± 0.34	-0.35 ± 0.30	-0.27 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.33 ± 0.40	-0.29 ± 0.39	-0.40 ± 0.39
Atlantic Tropical	0.06 ± 0.17	0.07 ± 0.18	0.19 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.26	-0.52 ± 0.29	-0.14 ± 0.23
Southern Ocean	-0.55 ± 0.39	-0.36 ± 0.30	-0.22 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.05 ± 0.18	0.08 ± 0.22	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.46 ± 0.31	-0.42 ± 0.26	-0.64 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2007B
Northern Land	-1.89 ± 1.18	-1.74 ± 1.37	-1.94 ± 1.64
Northern Oceans	-1.43 ± 0.82	-1.23 ± 0.75	-1.05 ± 0.58
Northern	-3.32 ± 1.44	-2.96 ± 1.55	-3.00 ± 1.74
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.69	0.40 ± 0.84	0.30 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.47 ± 0.49	0.61 ± 0.55	0.74 ± 0.35
Tropical	0.77 ± 0.85	1.02 ± 0.99	1.05 ± 0.93
Southern Land	0.26 ± 0.53	0.31 ± 0.60	0.08 ± 1.01
Ocean in South	-2.01 ± 0.67	-1.75 ± 0.63	-1.49 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.75 ± 0.87	-1.44 ± 0.88	-1.41 ± 1.21
Americas	-0.37 ± 0.83	-0.21 ± 1.04	-0.63 ± 1.21
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.15 ± 0.60	-1.09 ± 0.59	-0.62 ± 0.55
Eurasia and Africa	0.05 ± 0.78	0.22 ± 0.79	-0.06 ± 1.10
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.36	-0.34 ± 0.34	-0.48 ± 0.26
Asia	-1.02 ± 0.96	-1.03 ± 1.15	-0.87 ± 1.30
Pacific Ocean	-0.86 ± 0.79	-0.57 ± 0.78	-0.48 ± 0.62
All Land	-1.34 ± 1.62	-1.02 ± 1.97	-1.56 ± 2.11
All Ocean	-2.97 ± 1.14	-2.36 ± 1.08	-1.80 ± 1.09
Global	-4.31 ± 1.96	-3.39 ± 2.19	-3.36 ± 2.37
North America	-0.57 ± 0.40	-0.46 ± 0.48	-0.68 ± 0.64
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.32 ± 1.12	-1.28 ± 1.30	-1.26 ± 1.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	-1.01 ± 0.72	-0.88 ± 0.66	-0.78 ± 0.56
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.46 ± 0.58	-1.39 ± 0.58	-1.27 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.56 ± 1.03	0.71 ± 1.26	0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.43	0.46 ± 0.49	0.40 ± 0.24
Temperate Oceans	-2.48 ± 0.89	-2.27 ± 0.85	-2.05 ± 0.79
High Latitude Oceans	-0.97 ± 0.53	-0.71 ± 0.44	-0.50 ± 0.36
Extratropical Oceans	-3.44 ± 1.05	-2.98 ± 0.95	-2.55 ± 0.93
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.54 ± 0.85	-1.14 ± 0.87	-0.75 ± 0.87
Northern Boreal Land	-0.95 ± 0.85	-0.87 ± 1.05	-0.78 ± 1.17
Northern Temperate Land	-0.95 ± 0.84	-0.86 ± 0.94	-1.16 ± 1.10
Tropical land minus northern land	2.19 ± 1.35	2.14 ± 1.55	2.25 ± 1.86
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.36 ± 0.93	-1.22 ± 1.10	-1.05 ± 1.18
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 1.11	-1.74 ± 1.13	-1.94 ± 1.24
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.21 ± 0.80	-1.08 ± 0.84	-1.19 ± 1.20
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.99 ± 1.34	-0.42 ± 1.52	-0.37 ± 1.59
Tropics and south minus north	2.34 ± 1.98	2.54 ± 2.17	2.63 ± 2.34
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.45 ± 1.53	2.45 ± 1.76	2.33 ± 2.12







Table 42: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2019B compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2018	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2007B
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.72	1.79	1.91
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.12
South American Temperate	0.18	0.15	0.14
Northern Africa	0.17	0.14	0.17
Southern Africa	0.15	0.13	0.12
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.20	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	3.36	2.36	2.53
Tropical Asia	0.68	0.49	0.47
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.09
Europe	1.45	1.53	1.63
North Pacific Temperate	0.32	0.27	0.17
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.08	0.08	0.05
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.04	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.07	0.08
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.02
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2018	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2019B	CT2019B	CT2007B
Northern Land	6.80	5.91	6.18
Northern Oceans	0.44	0.38	0.26
Northern	7.24	6.29	6.44
Tropical Land	0.97	0.72	0.75
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.14	0.12
Tropical	1.14	0.86	0.88
Southern Land	0.43	0.37	0.35
Ocean in South	0.04	0.03	0.03
Southern	0.46	0.40	0.38
Americas	2.05	2.06	2.18
Atlantic and Arctic	0.17	0.16	0.12
Eurasia and Africa	1.77	1.80	1.92
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.08	0.10
Asia	4.38	3.15	3.18
Pacific Ocean	0.37	0.31	0.19
All Land	8.19	7.00	7.29
All Ocean	0.65	0.55	0.41
Global	8.84	7.56	7.70
North America	1.75	1.81	1.92
Extratropical Eurasia	5.05	4.10	4.26
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.40	0.35	0.23
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.03
Tropical and Southern Land	1.39	1.09	1.11
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.44	0.38	0.26
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.48	0.41	0.29
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.17	0.16
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.23	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.54	5.68	6.07
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.83	-5.19	-5.43
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.27	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.94	6.03	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.40	0.38
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.60	1.26	1.26
Tropics and south minus north	-5.64	-5.03	-5.17
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.40	-4.82	-5.08







Table 43: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2017 compared to CT2016, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2016	2001-2015
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2016
North American Boreal	-0.21 ± 0.83	-0.21 ± 0.85	-0.14 ± 0.87
North American Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.56	-0.29 ± 0.57	-0.35 ± 0.90
South American Tropical	0.28 ± 1.44	0.26 ± 1.43	0.17 ± 1.61
South American Temperate	-0.07 ± 1.06	-0.09 ± 1.08	-0.11 ± 0.86
Northern Africa	-0.20 ± 1.13	-0.21 ± 1.12	-0.19 ± 1.32
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 0.68	0.03 ± 0.69	0.11 ± 0.64
Eurasia Boreal	-0.80 ± 2.27	-0.83 ± 2.28	-1.00 ± 4.23
Eurasia Temperate	-0.68 ± 1.78	-0.66 ± 1.77	-0.43 ± 1.61
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.45	0.12 ± 0.44	0.09 ± 0.68
Australia	0.06 ± 0.33	0.07 ± 0.32	0.12 ± 0.25
Europe	0.06 ± 2.02	0.05 ± 2.03	0.10 ± 2.30
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.41	-0.50 ± 0.40	-0.55 ± 0.51
West Pacific Tropical	-0.00 ± 0.08	-0.00 ± 0.08	-0.01 ± 0.10
East Pacific Tropical	0.36 ± 0.43	0.37 ± 0.42	0.43 ± 0.42
South Pacific Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.34	-0.46 ± 0.33	-0.47 ± 0.43
Northern Ocean	-0.40 ± 0.27	-0.39 ± 0.27	-0.27 ± 0.27
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.29 ± 0.32	-0.29 ± 0.32	-0.27 ± 0.34
Atlantic Tropical	0.10 ± 0.15	0.10 ± 0.15	0.10 ± 0.13
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.42 ± 0.22	-0.44 ± 0.22	-0.38 ± 0.27
Southern Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.29	-0.50 ± 0.29	-0.43 ± 0.33
Indian Tropical	0.10 ± 0.18	0.10 ± 0.18	0.12 ± 0.19
South Indian Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.25	-0.40 ± 0.25	-0.62 ± 0.45
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2015
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2016
Northern Land	-1.93 ± 3.72	-1.94 ± 3.73	-1.83 ± 5.27
Northern Oceans	-1.21 ± 0.59	-1.18 ± 0.58	-1.10 ± 0.68
Northern	-3.14 ± 3.76	-3.13 ± 3.78	-2.93 ± 5.32
Tropical Land	0.20 ± 1.90	0.17 ± 1.88	0.07 ± 2.19
Tropical Ocean	0.55 ± 0.47	0.56 ± 0.47	0.64 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.75 ± 1.94	0.73 ± 1.92	0.71 ± 2.25
Southern Land	0.05 ± 1.35	0.01 ± 1.36	0.12 ± 1.11
Ocean in South	-1.80 ± 0.66	-1.79 ± 0.65	-1.90 ± 0.82
Southern	-1.75 ± 1.50	-1.78 ± 1.51	-1.78 ± 1.38
Americas	-0.30 ± 2.13	-0.33 ± 2.14	-0.43 ± 2.24
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.02 ± 0.49	-1.02 ± 0.49	-0.82 ± 0.54
Eurasia and Africa	-0.08 ± 2.42	-0.13 ± 2.43	0.02 ± 2.73
Indian Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.30	-0.29 ± 0.30	-0.51 ± 0.48
Asia	-1.29 ± 2.97	-1.30 ± 2.98	-1.22 ± 4.59
Pacific Ocean	-0.63 ± 0.67	-0.60 ± 0.67	-0.60 ± 0.79
All Land	-1.68 ± 4.47	-1.77 ± 4.48	-1.64 ± 5.82
All Ocean	-2.46 ± 1.03	-2.41 ± 1.02	-2.36 ± 1.20
Global	-4.14 ± 4.57	-4.18 ± 4.58	-4.00 ± 5.94
North America	-0.51 ± 1.01	-0.51 ± 1.03	-0.49 ± 1.25
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.42 ± 3.57	-1.44 ± 3.58	-1.34 ± 5.10
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.81 ± 0.51	-0.79 ± 0.51	-0.82 ± 0.62
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.30 ± 0.56	-1.29 ± 0.55	-1.48 ± 0.75
Tropical and Southern Land	0.25 ± 2.46	0.18 ± 2.45	0.19 ± 2.46
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.44	0.36 ± 0.44	0.42 ± 0.44
Temperate Oceans	-2.11 ± 0.74	-2.09 ± 0.73	-2.30 ± 0.97
High Latitude Oceans	-0.90 ± 0.39	-0.89 ± 0.39	-0.70 ± 0.42
Extratropical Oceans	-3.01 ± 0.86	-2.97 ± 0.85	-3.00 ± 1.09
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.25 ± 0.90	-1.23 ± 0.89	-1.26 ± 0.97
Northern Boreal Land	-1.01 ± 2.44	-1.04 ± 2.46	-1.14 ± 4.34
Northern Temperate Land	-0.92 ± 2.76	-0.90 ± 2.77	-0.69 ± 2.98
Tropical land minus northern land	2.14 ± 4.18	2.11 ± 4.19	1.89 ± 5.72
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 2.46	-1.44 ± 2.48	-1.41 ± 4.34
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.73 ± 2.81	-1.69 ± 2.81	-1.51 ± 3.05
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.25 ± 1.46	-1.28 ± 1.47	-1.35 ± 1.34
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.00 ± 2.60	-1.05 ± 2.60	-1.07 ± 2.64
Tropics and south minus north	2.14 ± 4.62	2.08 ± 4.63	1.85 ± 5.94
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.19 ± 4.47	2.12 ± 4.49	2.02 ± 5.82







Table 44: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2017 compared to CT2016, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2016	2001-2015
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2016
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.70	1.71	1.71
South American Tropical	0.11	0.11	0.11
South American Temperate	0.18	0.17	0.17
Northern Africa	0.16	0.16	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.14	0.14
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.23	0.23
Eurasia Temperate	3.21	3.15	3.13
Tropical Asia	0.66	0.64	0.64
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.44	1.45
North Pacific Temperate	0.36	0.35	0.36
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.03
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.10
Atlantic Tropical	0.06	0.06	0.06
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.09	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.02
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2015
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2016
Northern Land	6.61	6.56	6.54
Northern Oceans	0.50	0.49	0.50
Northern	7.11	7.05	7.04
Tropical Land	0.93	0.91	0.91
Tropical Ocean	0.19	0.18	0.19
Tropical	1.11	1.09	1.10
Southern Land	0.42	0.42	0.41
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.46	0.45
Americas	2.02	2.02	2.02
Atlantic and Arctic	0.20	0.20	0.21
Eurasia and Africa	1.74	1.75	1.75
Indian Ocean	0.11	0.11	0.11
Asia	4.20	4.12	4.09
Pacific Ocean	0.41	0.41	0.42
All Land	7.96	7.89	7.86
All Ocean	0.72	0.71	0.73
Global	8.68	8.60	8.60
North America	1.73	1.74	1.73
Extratropical Eurasia	4.88	4.82	4.81
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.45	0.45	0.46
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.35	1.33	1.32
Tropical Pacific	0.04	0.04	0.04
Temperate Oceans	0.49	0.49	0.50
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.54	0.53	0.54
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.23	0.22	0.23
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.26	0.26
Northern Temperate Land	6.35	6.30	6.28
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.68	-5.65	-5.63
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.30	0.30
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.81	6.75	6.74
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.45	0.45
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.57	1.55	1.55
Tropics and south minus north	-5.53	-5.50	-5.49
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.26	-5.23	-5.22







Table 45: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2017 compared to CT2015, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2016	2001-2014
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2015
North American Boreal	-0.21 ± 0.83	-0.22 ± 0.87	-0.13 ± 0.86
North American Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.56	-0.30 ± 0.58	-0.36 ± 0.91
South American Tropical	0.28 ± 1.44	0.26 ± 1.41	0.36 ± 1.58
South American Temperate	-0.07 ± 1.06	-0.07 ± 1.06	-0.14 ± 0.86
Northern Africa	-0.20 ± 1.13	-0.21 ± 1.12	-0.16 ± 1.40
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 0.68	0.03 ± 0.70	-0.09 ± 0.69
Eurasia Boreal	-0.80 ± 2.27	-0.82 ± 2.32	-0.98 ± 4.23
Eurasia Temperate	-0.68 ± 1.78	-0.67 ± 1.75	-0.53 ± 1.60
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.45	0.10 ± 0.44	0.24 ± 0.70
Australia	0.06 ± 0.33	0.07 ± 0.32	0.09 ± 0.27
Europe	0.06 ± 2.02	0.06 ± 2.04	0.06 ± 2.32
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.41	-0.49 ± 0.40	-0.54 ± 0.50
West Pacific Tropical	-0.00 ± 0.08	0.00 ± 0.08	0.00 ± 0.10
East Pacific Tropical	0.36 ± 0.43	0.37 ± 0.43	0.42 ± 0.42
South Pacific Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.34	-0.46 ± 0.32	-0.47 ± 0.43
Northern Ocean	-0.40 ± 0.27	-0.39 ± 0.27	-0.25 ± 0.25
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.29 ± 0.32	-0.28 ± 0.32	-0.27 ± 0.34
Atlantic Tropical	0.10 ± 0.15	0.10 ± 0.14	0.11 ± 0.13
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.42 ± 0.22	-0.45 ± 0.23	-0.41 ± 0.28
Southern Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.29	-0.51 ± 0.29	-0.43 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.10 ± 0.18	0.10 ± 0.18	0.13 ± 0.19
South Indian Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.25	-0.40 ± 0.24	-0.63 ± 0.45
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2014
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2015
Northern Land	-1.93 ± 3.72	-1.95 ± 3.76	-1.93 ± 5.28
Northern Oceans	-1.21 ± 0.59	-1.16 ± 0.58	-1.06 ± 0.66
Northern	-3.14 ± 3.76	-3.11 ± 3.80	-2.99 ± 5.32
Tropical Land	0.20 ± 1.90	0.14 ± 1.87	0.45 ± 2.22
Tropical Ocean	0.55 ± 0.47	0.58 ± 0.47	0.67 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.75 ± 1.94	0.72 ± 1.92	1.12 ± 2.27
Southern Land	0.05 ± 1.35	0.03 ± 1.34	-0.15 ± 1.14
Ocean in South	-1.80 ± 0.66	-1.82 ± 0.63	-1.94 ± 0.82
Southern	-1.75 ± 1.50	-1.79 ± 1.48	-2.09 ± 1.41
Americas	-0.30 ± 2.13	-0.33 ± 2.12	-0.27 ± 2.21
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.02 ± 0.49	-1.02 ± 0.50	-0.82 ± 0.53
Eurasia and Africa	-0.08 ± 2.42	-0.12 ± 2.44	-0.19 ± 2.81
Indian Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.30	-0.30 ± 0.30	-0.50 ± 0.49
Asia	-1.29 ± 2.97	-1.33 ± 2.99	-1.17 ± 4.59
Pacific Ocean	-0.63 ± 0.67	-0.57 ± 0.65	-0.59 ± 0.78
All Land	-1.68 ± 4.47	-1.78 ± 4.50	-1.63 ± 5.84
All Ocean	-2.46 ± 1.03	-2.40 ± 1.01	-2.33 ± 1.19
Global	-4.14 ± 4.57	-4.18 ± 4.59	-3.96 ± 5.96
North America	-0.51 ± 1.01	-0.51 ± 1.06	-0.49 ± 1.25
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.42 ± 3.57	-1.44 ± 3.60	-1.45 ± 5.10
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.81 ± 0.51	-0.77 ± 0.50	-0.81 ± 0.61
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.30 ± 0.56	-1.32 ± 0.53	-1.52 ± 0.75
Tropical and Southern Land	0.25 ± 2.46	0.17 ± 2.42	0.30 ± 2.50
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.44	0.38 ± 0.44	0.42 ± 0.44
Temperate Oceans	-2.11 ± 0.74	-2.09 ± 0.72	-2.32 ± 0.97
High Latitude Oceans	-0.90 ± 0.39	-0.89 ± 0.39	-0.68 ± 0.41
Extratropical Oceans	-3.01 ± 0.86	-2.98 ± 0.84	-3.00 ± 1.08
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.25 ± 0.90	-1.24 ± 0.88	-1.28 ± 0.97
Northern Boreal Land	-1.01 ± 2.44	-1.04 ± 2.50	-1.11 ± 4.33
Northern Temperate Land	-0.92 ± 2.76	-0.91 ± 2.76	-0.83 ± 3.00
Tropical land minus northern land	2.14 ± 4.18	2.09 ± 4.21	2.39 ± 5.73
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 2.46	-1.43 ± 2.53	-1.36 ± 4.34
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.73 ± 2.81	-1.68 ± 2.81	-1.64 ± 3.06
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.25 ± 1.46	-1.29 ± 1.44	-1.66 ± 1.37
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.00 ± 2.60	-1.07 ± 2.56	-0.97 ± 2.68
Tropics and south minus north	2.14 ± 4.62	2.04 ± 4.63	2.02 ± 5.96
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.19 ± 4.47	2.12 ± 4.48	2.24 ± 5.85







Table 46: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2017 compared to CT2015, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2016	2001-2014
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2015
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.70	1.72	1.74
South American Tropical	0.11	0.11	0.11
South American Temperate	0.18	0.17	0.17
Northern Africa	0.16	0.16	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.14	0.14
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.23	0.20
Eurasia Temperate	3.21	3.07	3.03
Tropical Asia	0.66	0.63	0.62
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.45	1.48
North Pacific Temperate	0.36	0.35	0.36
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.05
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.10	0.10
Atlantic Tropical	0.06	0.06	0.06
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.09	0.10
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2014
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2015
Northern Land	6.61	6.50	6.48
Northern Oceans	0.50	0.49	0.50
Northern	7.11	6.99	6.98
Tropical Land	0.93	0.89	0.90
Tropical Ocean	0.19	0.18	0.19
Tropical	1.11	1.07	1.09
Southern Land	0.42	0.41	0.41
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.45	0.45
Americas	2.02	2.02	2.05
Atlantic and Arctic	0.20	0.20	0.21
Eurasia and Africa	1.74	1.75	1.78
Indian Ocean	0.11	0.10	0.11
Asia	4.20	4.03	3.95
Pacific Ocean	0.41	0.40	0.41
All Land	7.96	7.81	7.78
All Ocean	0.72	0.71	0.73
Global	8.68	8.51	8.51
North America	1.73	1.75	1.77
Extratropical Eurasia	4.88	4.76	4.71
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.45	0.44	0.46
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.35	1.30	1.31
Tropical Pacific	0.04	0.04	0.04
Temperate Oceans	0.49	0.48	0.50
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.05
Extratropical Oceans	0.54	0.52	0.54
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.23	0.22	0.23
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.26	0.23
Northern Temperate Land	6.35	6.25	6.25
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.68	-5.61	-5.58
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.30	0.27
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.81	6.69	6.71
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.45	0.45
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.57	1.53	1.53
Tropics and south minus north	-5.53	-5.46	-5.45
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.26	-5.20	-5.17







Table 47: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2017 compared to CT2013B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2016	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2013B
North American Boreal	-0.21 ± 0.83	-0.21 ± 0.92	-0.13 ± 0.94
North American Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.56	-0.31 ± 0.61	-0.14 ± 0.89
South American Tropical	0.28 ± 1.44	0.29 ± 1.36	-0.04 ± 1.70
South American Temperate	-0.07 ± 1.06	-0.07 ± 1.10	-0.09 ± 1.10
Northern Africa	-0.20 ± 1.13	-0.18 ± 1.10	-0.10 ± 1.06
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 0.68	0.05 ± 0.71	0.06 ± 1.17
Eurasia Boreal	-0.80 ± 2.27	-0.79 ± 2.43	-0.97 ± 3.98
Eurasia Temperate	-0.68 ± 1.78	-0.67 ± 1.75	-0.38 ± 1.40
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.45	0.10 ± 0.46	0.09 ± 0.61
Australia	0.06 ± 0.33	0.08 ± 0.31	-0.00 ± 0.34
Europe	0.06 ± 2.02	0.07 ± 2.06	-0.12 ± 2.04
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.41	-0.50 ± 0.39	-0.52 ± 0.44
West Pacific Tropical	-0.00 ± 0.08	0.00 ± 0.08	0.03 ± 0.09
East Pacific Tropical	0.36 ± 0.43	0.38 ± 0.42	0.41 ± 0.40
South Pacific Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.34	-0.45 ± 0.33	-0.52 ± 0.50
Northern Ocean	-0.40 ± 0.27	-0.39 ± 0.28	-0.30 ± 0.28
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.29 ± 0.32	-0.27 ± 0.32	-0.34 ± 0.35
Atlantic Tropical	0.10 ± 0.15	0.11 ± 0.15	0.13 ± 0.14
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.42 ± 0.22	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.21 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.29	-0.46 ± 0.28	-0.43 ± 0.33
Indian Tropical	0.10 ± 0.18	0.11 ± 0.18	0.14 ± 0.19
South Indian Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.25	-0.43 ± 0.25	-0.56 ± 0.43
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2013B
Northern Land	-1.93 ± 3.72	-1.91 ± 3.85	-1.75 ± 4.92
Northern Oceans	-1.21 ± 0.59	-1.16 ± 0.58	-1.17 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.14 ± 3.76	-3.07 ± 3.90	-2.93 ± 4.96
Tropical Land	0.20 ± 1.90	0.20 ± 1.84	-0.05 ± 2.10
Tropical Ocean	0.55 ± 0.47	0.60 ± 0.47	0.70 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.75 ± 1.94	0.80 ± 1.89	0.65 ± 2.15
Southern Land	0.05 ± 1.35	0.06 ± 1.37	-0.04 ± 1.64
Ocean in South	-1.80 ± 0.66	-1.82 ± 0.65	-1.72 ± 0.84
Southern	-1.75 ± 1.50	-1.76 ± 1.51	-1.76 ± 1.85
Americas	-0.30 ± 2.13	-0.31 ± 2.14	-0.41 ± 2.41
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.02 ± 0.49	-1.04 ± 0.50	-0.73 ± 0.54
Eurasia and Africa	-0.08 ± 2.42	-0.05 ± 2.45	-0.16 ± 2.58
Indian Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.30	-0.32 ± 0.31	-0.41 ± 0.47
Asia	-1.29 ± 2.97	-1.29 ± 3.06	-1.27 ± 4.27
Pacific Ocean	-0.63 ± 0.67	-0.57 ± 0.67	-0.61 ± 0.77
All Land	-1.68 ± 4.47	-1.65 ± 4.58	-1.85 ± 5.60
All Ocean	-2.46 ± 1.03	-2.38 ± 1.03	-2.19 ± 1.23
Global	-4.14 ± 4.57	-4.04 ± 4.67	-4.03 ± 5.74
North America	-0.51 ± 1.01	-0.52 ± 1.11	-0.28 ± 1.29
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.42 ± 3.57	-1.39 ± 3.68	-1.48 ± 4.72
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.81 ± 0.51	-0.77 ± 0.50	-0.87 ± 0.57
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.30 ± 0.56	-1.36 ± 0.56	-1.28 ± 0.78
Tropical and Southern Land	0.25 ± 2.46	0.26 ± 2.42	-0.09 ± 2.67
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.44	0.38 ± 0.43	0.43 ± 0.42
Temperate Oceans	-2.11 ± 0.74	-2.13 ± 0.74	-2.15 ± 0.97
High Latitude Oceans	-0.90 ± 0.39	-0.85 ± 0.38	-0.74 ± 0.43
Extratropical Oceans	-3.01 ± 0.86	-2.98 ± 0.85	-2.89 ± 1.09
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.25 ± 0.90	-1.22 ± 0.89	-1.01 ± 1.02
Northern Boreal Land	-1.01 ± 2.44	-1.00 ± 2.62	-1.11 ± 4.10
Northern Temperate Land	-0.92 ± 2.76	-0.92 ± 2.79	-0.65 ± 2.66
Tropical land minus northern land	2.14 ± 4.18	2.12 ± 4.27	1.70 ± 5.35
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 2.46	-1.39 ± 2.64	-1.41 ± 4.12
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.73 ± 2.81	-1.69 ± 2.84	-1.51 ± 2.72
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.25 ± 1.46	-1.31 ± 1.48	-1.32 ± 1.82
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.00 ± 2.60	-0.97 ± 2.56	-1.11 ± 2.86
Tropics and south minus north	2.14 ± 4.62	2.11 ± 4.70	1.82 ± 5.72
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.19 ± 4.47	2.17 ± 4.56	1.66 ± 5.60







Table 48: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2017 compared to CT2013B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2016	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2013B
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.70	1.73	1.75
South American Tropical	0.11	0.11	0.11
South American Temperate	0.18	0.16	0.17
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.14	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.22	0.19
Eurasia Temperate	3.21	2.90	2.90
Tropical Asia	0.66	0.60	0.59
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.47	1.50
North Pacific Temperate	0.36	0.34	0.34
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.09	0.09
Atlantic Tropical	0.06	0.05	0.05
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.09	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2013B
Northern Land	6.61	6.36	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.50	0.47	0.47
Northern	7.11	6.83	6.84
Tropical Land	0.93	0.85	0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.19	0.18	0.17
Tropical	1.11	1.03	1.03
Southern Land	0.42	0.40	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.44	0.43
Americas	2.02	2.02	2.05
Atlantic and Arctic	0.20	0.19	0.19
Eurasia and Africa	1.74	1.76	1.79
Indian Ocean	0.11	0.10	0.10
Asia	4.20	3.82	3.78
Pacific Ocean	0.41	0.39	0.39
All Land	7.96	7.61	7.61
All Ocean	0.72	0.69	0.68
Global	8.68	8.30	8.30
North America	1.73	1.76	1.78
Extratropical Eurasia	4.88	4.60	4.59
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.45	0.43	0.43
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.35	1.25	1.25
Tropical Pacific	0.04	0.04	0.03
Temperate Oceans	0.49	0.47	0.47
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.54	0.51	0.51
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.23	0.21	0.21
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.25	0.22
Northern Temperate Land	6.35	6.11	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.68	-5.50	-5.51
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.29	0.26
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.81	6.54	6.58
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.44	0.43
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.57	1.47	1.46
Tropics and south minus north	-5.53	-5.36	-5.37
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.26	-5.10	-5.11







Table 49: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2017 compared to CT2013, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2016	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2013
North American Boreal	-0.21 ± 0.83	-0.21 ± 0.92	-0.17 ± 0.79
North American Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.56	-0.31 ± 0.61	-0.44 ± 0.78
South American Tropical	0.28 ± 1.44	0.29 ± 1.36	0.01 ± 1.63
South American Temperate	-0.07 ± 1.06	-0.07 ± 1.10	0.04 ± 1.13
Northern Africa	-0.20 ± 1.13	-0.18 ± 1.10	-0.09 ± 1.01
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 0.68	0.05 ± 0.71	0.08 ± 1.11
Eurasia Boreal	-0.80 ± 2.27	-0.79 ± 2.43	-0.99 ± 3.49
Eurasia Temperate	-0.68 ± 1.78	-0.67 ± 1.75	-0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.45	0.10 ± 0.46	0.12 ± 0.56
Australia	0.06 ± 0.33	0.08 ± 0.31	0.02 ± 0.32
Europe	0.06 ± 2.02	0.07 ± 2.06	-0.38 ± 1.81
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.41	-0.50 ± 0.39	-0.44 ± 0.37
West Pacific Tropical	-0.00 ± 0.08	0.00 ± 0.08	0.03 ± 0.09
East Pacific Tropical	0.36 ± 0.43	0.38 ± 0.42	0.41 ± 0.40
South Pacific Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.34	-0.45 ± 0.33	-0.54 ± 0.52
Northern Ocean	-0.40 ± 0.27	-0.39 ± 0.28	-0.30 ± 0.26
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.29 ± 0.32	-0.27 ± 0.32	-0.30 ± 0.32
Atlantic Tropical	0.10 ± 0.15	0.11 ± 0.15	0.13 ± 0.14
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.42 ± 0.22	-0.49 ± 0.24	-0.18 ± 0.21
Southern Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.29	-0.46 ± 0.28	-0.31 ± 0.28
Indian Tropical	0.10 ± 0.18	0.11 ± 0.18	0.15 ± 0.19
South Indian Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.25	-0.43 ± 0.25	-0.53 ± 0.43
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2013
Northern Land	-1.93 ± 3.72	-1.91 ± 3.85	-2.35 ± 4.36
Northern Oceans	-1.21 ± 0.59	-1.16 ± 0.58	-1.04 ± 0.55
Northern	-3.14 ± 3.76	-3.07 ± 3.90	-3.39 ± 4.39
Tropical Land	0.20 ± 1.90	0.20 ± 1.84	0.04 ± 2.00
Tropical Ocean	0.55 ± 0.47	0.60 ± 0.47	0.72 ± 0.49
Tropical	0.75 ± 1.94	0.80 ± 1.89	0.75 ± 2.06
Southern Land	0.05 ± 1.35	0.06 ± 1.37	0.14 ± 1.62
Ocean in South	-1.80 ± 0.66	-1.82 ± 0.65	-1.56 ± 0.85
Southern	-1.75 ± 1.50	-1.76 ± 1.51	-1.41 ± 1.83
Americas	-0.30 ± 2.13	-0.31 ± 2.14	-0.56 ± 2.29
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.02 ± 0.49	-1.04 ± 0.50	-0.64 ± 0.49
Eurasia and Africa	-0.08 ± 2.42	-0.05 ± 2.45	-0.38 ± 2.36
Indian Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.30	-0.32 ± 0.31	-0.39 ± 0.47
Asia	-1.29 ± 2.97	-1.29 ± 3.06	-1.23 ± 3.80
Pacific Ocean	-0.63 ± 0.67	-0.57 ± 0.67	-0.54 ± 0.76
All Land	-1.68 ± 4.47	-1.65 ± 4.58	-2.17 ± 5.07
All Ocean	-2.46 ± 1.03	-2.38 ± 1.03	-1.88 ± 1.17
Global	-4.14 ± 4.57	-4.04 ± 4.67	-4.05 ± 5.20
North America	-0.51 ± 1.01	-0.52 ± 1.11	-0.61 ± 1.12
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.42 ± 3.57	-1.39 ± 3.68	-1.74 ± 4.18
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.81 ± 0.51	-0.77 ± 0.50	-0.74 ± 0.49
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.30 ± 0.56	-1.36 ± 0.56	-1.25 ± 0.81
Tropical and Southern Land	0.25 ± 2.46	0.26 ± 2.42	0.18 ± 2.58
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.44	0.38 ± 0.43	0.44 ± 0.42
Temperate Oceans	-2.11 ± 0.74	-2.13 ± 0.74	-1.99 ± 0.94
High Latitude Oceans	-0.90 ± 0.39	-0.85 ± 0.38	-0.61 ± 0.38
Extratropical Oceans	-3.01 ± 0.86	-2.98 ± 0.85	-2.60 ± 1.03
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.25 ± 0.90	-1.22 ± 0.89	-0.84 ± 1.03
Northern Boreal Land	-1.01 ± 2.44	-1.00 ± 2.62	-1.16 ± 3.59
Northern Temperate Land	-0.92 ± 2.76	-0.92 ± 2.79	-1.19 ± 2.41
Tropical land minus northern land	2.14 ± 4.18	2.12 ± 4.27	2.38 ± 4.80
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 2.46	-1.39 ± 2.64	-1.45 ± 3.60
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.73 ± 2.81	-1.69 ± 2.84	-1.93 ± 2.46
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.25 ± 1.46	-1.31 ± 1.48	-1.10 ± 1.82
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.00 ± 2.60	-0.97 ± 2.56	-0.66 ± 2.78
Tropics and south minus north	2.14 ± 4.62	2.11 ± 4.70	2.73 ± 5.20
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.19 ± 4.47	2.17 ± 4.56	2.53 ± 5.07







Table 50: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2017 compared to CT2013, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2016	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2013
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.70	1.73	1.75
South American Tropical	0.11	0.11	0.11
South American Temperate	0.18	0.16	0.17
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.14	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.22	0.19
Eurasia Temperate	3.21	2.90	2.90
Tropical Asia	0.66	0.60	0.59
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.47	1.50
North Pacific Temperate	0.36	0.34	0.34
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.09	0.09
Atlantic Tropical	0.06	0.05	0.05
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.09	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2013
Northern Land	6.61	6.36	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.50	0.47	0.47
Northern	7.11	6.83	6.84
Tropical Land	0.93	0.85	0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.19	0.18	0.17
Tropical	1.11	1.03	1.03
Southern Land	0.42	0.40	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.04
Southern	0.46	0.44	0.43
Americas	2.02	2.02	2.05
Atlantic and Arctic	0.20	0.19	0.19
Eurasia and Africa	1.74	1.76	1.79
Indian Ocean	0.11	0.10	0.10
Asia	4.20	3.82	3.78
Pacific Ocean	0.41	0.39	0.39
All Land	7.96	7.61	7.61
All Ocean	0.72	0.69	0.68
Global	8.68	8.30	8.30
North America	1.73	1.76	1.78
Extratropical Eurasia	4.88	4.60	4.59
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.45	0.43	0.43
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.35	1.25	1.25
Tropical Pacific	0.04	0.04	0.03
Temperate Oceans	0.49	0.47	0.47
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.54	0.51	0.51
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.23	0.21	0.21
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.25	0.22
Northern Temperate Land	6.35	6.11	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.68	-5.50	-5.51
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.29	0.26
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.81	6.54	6.58
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.44	0.43
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.57	1.47	1.46
Tropics and south minus north	-5.53	-5.36	-5.37
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.26	-5.10	-5.11







Table 51: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2017 compared to CT2011_oi, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2016	2001-2010
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2011_oi
North American Boreal	-0.21 ± 0.83	-0.16 ± 0.96	-0.13 ± 0.91
North American Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.56	-0.34 ± 0.65	-0.45 ± 0.87
South American Tropical	0.28 ± 1.44	0.34 ± 1.45	0.18 ± 1.53
South American Temperate	-0.07 ± 1.06	-0.02 ± 1.11	0.09 ± 1.18
Northern Africa	-0.20 ± 1.13	-0.10 ± 1.10	-0.05 ± 0.99
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 0.68	0.03 ± 0.73	0.13 ± 1.02
Eurasia Boreal	-0.80 ± 2.27	-0.80 ± 2.54	-0.96 ± 3.40
Eurasia Temperate	-0.68 ± 1.78	-0.69 ± 1.76	-0.37 ± 1.35
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.45	0.09 ± 0.49	0.16 ± 0.55
Australia	0.06 ± 0.33	0.09 ± 0.31	-0.02 ± 0.46
Europe	0.06 ± 2.02	0.07 ± 2.09	-0.35 ± 1.82
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.41	-0.51 ± 0.40	-0.40 ± 0.40
West Pacific Tropical	-0.00 ± 0.08	0.00 ± 0.08	0.02 ± 0.09
East Pacific Tropical	0.36 ± 0.43	0.39 ± 0.42	0.35 ± 0.35
South Pacific Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.34	-0.45 ± 0.32	-0.58 ± 0.57
Northern Ocean	-0.40 ± 0.27	-0.37 ± 0.27	-0.24 ± 0.23
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.29 ± 0.32	-0.25 ± 0.32	-0.39 ± 0.39
Atlantic Tropical	0.10 ± 0.15	0.11 ± 0.15	0.18 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.42 ± 0.22	-0.52 ± 0.25	-0.17 ± 0.21
Southern Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.29	-0.41 ± 0.27	-0.27 ± 0.26
Indian Tropical	0.10 ± 0.18	0.12 ± 0.19	0.18 ± 0.22
South Indian Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.25	-0.43 ± 0.25	-0.67 ± 0.45
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2010
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2011_oi
Northern Land	-1.93 ± 3.72	-1.92 ± 3.96	-2.27 ± 4.33
Northern Oceans	-1.21 ± 0.59	-1.13 ± 0.58	-1.02 ± 0.61
Northern	-3.14 ± 3.76	-3.05 ± 4.01	-3.30 ± 4.37
Tropical Land	0.20 ± 1.90	0.33 ± 1.91	0.29 ± 1.90
Tropical Ocean	0.55 ± 0.47	0.62 ± 0.47	0.72 ± 0.51
Tropical	0.75 ± 1.94	0.95 ± 1.96	1.01 ± 1.97
Southern Land	0.05 ± 1.35	0.10 ± 1.38	0.20 ± 1.63
Ocean in South	-1.80 ± 0.66	-1.81 ± 0.64	-1.69 ± 0.90
Southern	-1.75 ± 1.50	-1.72 ± 1.52	-1.49 ± 1.87
Americas	-0.30 ± 2.13	-0.18 ± 2.23	-0.32 ± 2.32
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.02 ± 0.49	-1.04 ± 0.51	-0.61 ± 0.55
Eurasia and Africa	-0.08 ± 2.42	-0.00 ± 2.48	-0.28 ± 2.31
Indian Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.30	-0.31 ± 0.31	-0.50 ± 0.49
Asia	-1.29 ± 2.97	-1.31 ± 3.16	-1.19 ± 3.73
Pacific Ocean	-0.63 ± 0.67	-0.57 ± 0.66	-0.62 ± 0.76
All Land	-1.68 ± 4.47	-1.50 ± 4.70	-1.79 ± 5.00
All Ocean	-2.46 ± 1.03	-2.32 ± 1.03	-2.00 ± 1.23
Global	-4.14 ± 4.57	-3.82 ± 4.79	-3.78 ± 5.15
North America	-0.51 ± 1.01	-0.50 ± 1.17	-0.59 ± 1.27
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.42 ± 3.57	-1.41 ± 3.78	-1.69 ± 4.12
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.81 ± 0.51	-0.76 ± 0.50	-0.79 ± 0.57
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.30 ± 0.56	-1.40 ± 0.55	-1.42 ± 0.86
Tropical and Southern Land	0.25 ± 2.46	0.42 ± 2.48	0.48 ± 2.50
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.44	0.39 ± 0.43	0.37 ± 0.37
Temperate Oceans	-2.11 ± 0.74	-2.16 ± 0.74	-2.21 ± 1.02
High Latitude Oceans	-0.90 ± 0.39	-0.78 ± 0.38	-0.51 ± 0.33
Extratropical Oceans	-3.01 ± 0.86	-2.94 ± 0.85	-2.72 ± 1.14
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.25 ± 0.90	-1.19 ± 0.89	-0.97 ± 1.03
Northern Boreal Land	-1.01 ± 2.44	-0.96 ± 2.74	-1.09 ± 3.52
Northern Temperate Land	-0.92 ± 2.76	-0.96 ± 2.82	-1.18 ± 2.46
Tropical land minus northern land	2.14 ± 4.18	2.24 ± 4.41	2.56 ± 4.74
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 2.46	-1.33 ± 2.76	-1.33 ± 3.53
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.73 ± 2.81	-1.72 ± 2.86	-1.96 ± 2.53
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.25 ± 1.46	-1.31 ± 1.49	-1.22 ± 1.85
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.00 ± 2.60	-0.77 ± 2.62	-0.49 ± 2.71
Tropics and south minus north	2.14 ± 4.62	2.28 ± 4.83	2.81 ± 5.14
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.19 ± 4.47	2.34 ± 4.70	2.76 ± 5.01







Table 52: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2017 compared to CT2011_oi, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2016	2001-2010
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2011_oi
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.70	1.74	1.81
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.18	0.16	0.16
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.14	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.22	0.19
Eurasia Temperate	3.21	2.71	2.78
Tropical Asia	0.66	0.55	0.56
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.49	1.55
North Pacific Temperate	0.36	0.33	0.23
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.09	0.06
Atlantic Tropical	0.06	0.05	0.04
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.07
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2010
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2011_oi
Northern Land	6.61	6.18	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.50	0.46	0.32
Northern	7.11	6.64	6.68
Tropical Land	0.93	0.80	0.82
Tropical Ocean	0.19	0.17	0.12
Tropical	1.11	0.97	0.95
Southern Land	0.42	0.39	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.03
Southern	0.46	0.43	0.42
Americas	2.02	2.03	2.10
Atlantic and Arctic	0.20	0.19	0.13
Eurasia and Africa	1.74	1.77	1.84
Indian Ocean	0.11	0.10	0.08
Asia	4.20	3.57	3.63
Pacific Ocean	0.41	0.38	0.26
All Land	7.96	7.37	7.58
All Ocean	0.72	0.67	0.47
Global	8.68	8.04	8.05
North America	1.73	1.77	1.83
Extratropical Eurasia	4.88	4.41	4.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.45	0.42	0.29
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.02
Tropical and Southern Land	1.35	1.19	1.22
Tropical Pacific	0.04	0.03	0.02
Temperate Oceans	0.49	0.46	0.32
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.54	0.50	0.35
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.23	0.21	0.15
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.24	0.22
Northern Temperate Land	6.35	5.94	6.14
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.68	-5.38	-5.53
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.28	0.25
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.81	6.36	6.43
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.43	0.42
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.57	1.40	1.37
Tropics and south minus north	-5.53	-5.24	-5.31
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.26	-4.99	-5.14







Table 53: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2017 compared to CT2010, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2016	2001-2009
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2010
North American Boreal	-0.21 ± 0.83	-0.14 ± 0.97	-0.11 ± 0.35
North American Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.56	-0.35 ± 0.68	-0.49 ± 0.39
South American Tropical	0.28 ± 1.44	0.35 ± 1.50	0.13 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	-0.07 ± 1.06	0.04 ± 1.10	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.20 ± 1.13	-0.06 ± 1.09	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 0.68	-0.00 ± 0.73	0.10 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.80 ± 2.27	-0.79 ± 2.62	-0.83 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.68 ± 1.78	-0.70 ± 1.78	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.45	0.08 ± 0.51	0.15 ± 0.20
Australia	0.06 ± 0.33	0.09 ± 0.30	-0.09 ± 0.31
Europe	0.06 ± 2.02	0.07 ± 2.09	-0.28 ± 0.75
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.41	-0.49 ± 0.40	-0.40 ± 0.38
West Pacific Tropical	-0.00 ± 0.08	0.00 ± 0.08	0.02 ± 0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.36 ± 0.43	0.38 ± 0.42	0.39 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.34	-0.46 ± 0.32	-0.57 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.40 ± 0.27	-0.37 ± 0.27	-0.29 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.29 ± 0.32	-0.26 ± 0.32	-0.37 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.10 ± 0.15	0.10 ± 0.15	0.19 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.42 ± 0.22	-0.53 ± 0.25	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.29	-0.39 ± 0.27	-0.19 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.10 ± 0.18	0.13 ± 0.20	0.16 ± 0.12
South Indian Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.25	-0.43 ± 0.25	-0.69 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2009
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2010
Northern Land	-1.93 ± 3.72	-1.91 ± 4.03	-2.06 ± 1.62
Northern Oceans	-1.21 ± 0.59	-1.13 ± 0.57	-1.07 ± 0.61
Northern	-3.14 ± 3.76	-3.04 ± 4.07	-3.13 ± 1.73
Tropical Land	0.20 ± 1.90	0.37 ± 1.95	0.30 ± 0.85
Tropical Ocean	0.55 ± 0.47	0.61 ± 0.47	0.75 ± 0.34
Tropical	0.75 ± 1.94	0.98 ± 1.99	1.06 ± 0.92
Southern Land	0.05 ± 1.35	0.13 ± 1.37	-0.02 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-1.80 ± 0.66	-1.81 ± 0.63	-1.58 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.75 ± 1.50	-1.69 ± 1.51	-1.60 ± 1.23
Americas	-0.30 ± 2.13	-0.10 ± 2.28	-0.50 ± 1.15
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.02 ± 0.49	-1.07 ± 0.50	-0.62 ± 0.58
Eurasia and Africa	-0.08 ± 2.42	0.01 ± 2.48	-0.16 ± 1.09
Indian Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.30	-0.30 ± 0.31	-0.53 ± 0.26
Asia	-1.29 ± 2.97	-1.32 ± 3.24	-1.11 ± 1.34
Pacific Ocean	-0.63 ± 0.67	-0.57 ± 0.64	-0.56 ± 0.61
All Land	-1.68 ± 4.47	-1.42 ± 4.77	-1.78 ± 2.10
All Ocean	-2.46 ± 1.03	-2.33 ± 1.01	-1.89 ± 1.09
Global	-4.14 ± 4.57	-3.75 ± 4.86	-3.67 ± 2.37
North America	-0.51 ± 1.01	-0.49 ± 1.20	-0.60 ± 0.52
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.42 ± 3.57	-1.42 ± 3.85	-1.46 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.81 ± 0.51	-0.75 ± 0.50	-0.77 ± 0.59
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.30 ± 0.56	-1.42 ± 0.55	-1.39 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.25 ± 2.46	0.50 ± 2.49	0.28 ± 1.34
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.44	0.38 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.23
Temperate Oceans	-2.11 ± 0.74	-2.17 ± 0.73	-2.17 ± 0.81
High Latitude Oceans	-0.90 ± 0.39	-0.77 ± 0.37	-0.48 ± 0.35
Extratropical Oceans	-3.01 ± 0.86	-2.94 ± 0.84	-2.65 ± 0.96
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.25 ± 0.90	-1.20 ± 0.87	-0.83 ± 0.85
Northern Boreal Land	-1.01 ± 2.44	-0.93 ± 2.82	-0.94 ± 1.21
Northern Temperate Land	-0.92 ± 2.76	-0.98 ± 2.83	-1.12 ± 1.02
Tropical land minus northern land	2.14 ± 4.18	2.28 ± 4.48	2.36 ± 1.83
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 2.46	-1.31 ± 2.84	-1.23 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.73 ± 2.81	-1.73 ± 2.88	-1.89 ± 1.18
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.25 ± 1.46	-1.29 ± 1.47	-1.41 ± 1.21
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.00 ± 2.60	-0.71 ± 2.62	-0.54 ± 1.58
Tropics and south minus north	2.14 ± 4.62	2.33 ± 4.88	2.59 ± 2.33
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.19 ± 4.47	2.41 ± 4.75	2.35 ± 2.10







Table 54: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2017 compared to CT2010, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2016	2001-2009
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2010
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.70	1.75	1.83
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.18	0.15	0.16
Northern Africa	0.16	0.14	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.21	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	3.21	2.61	2.78
Tropical Asia	0.66	0.54	0.57
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.11
Europe	1.43	1.49	1.55
North Pacific Temperate	0.36	0.32	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.09	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.06	0.05	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2009
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2010
Northern Land	6.61	6.10	6.35
Northern Oceans	0.50	0.45	0.15
Northern	7.11	6.55	6.50
Tropical Land	0.93	0.78	0.83
Tropical Ocean	0.19	0.17	0.06
Tropical	1.11	0.95	0.89
Southern Land	0.42	0.39	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.01
Southern	0.46	0.42	0.41
Americas	2.02	2.03	2.11
Atlantic and Arctic	0.20	0.19	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.74	1.77	1.84
Indian Ocean	0.11	0.09	0.03
Asia	4.20	3.46	3.62
Pacific Ocean	0.41	0.37	0.12
All Land	7.96	7.26	7.57
All Ocean	0.72	0.66	0.22
Global	8.68	7.92	7.79
North America	1.73	1.78	1.85
Extratropical Eurasia	4.88	4.32	4.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.45	0.42	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.35	1.17	1.22
Tropical Pacific	0.04	0.03	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.49	0.45	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.54	0.49	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.23	0.20	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.24	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.35	5.85	6.16
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.68	-5.32	-5.52
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.28	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.81	6.27	6.30
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.42	0.41
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.57	1.37	1.30
Tropics and south minus north	-5.53	-5.18	-5.20
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.26	-4.93	-5.12







Table 55: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2017 compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2016	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2009
North American Boreal	-0.21 ± 0.83	-0.13 ± 0.99	-0.11 ± 0.36
North American Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.56	-0.33 ± 0.70	-0.49 ± 0.41
South American Tropical	0.28 ± 1.44	0.37 ± 1.50	0.15 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	-0.07 ± 1.06	0.06 ± 1.10	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.20 ± 1.13	-0.04 ± 1.10	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 0.68	-0.02 ± 0.72	0.12 ± 0.63
Eurasia Boreal	-0.80 ± 2.27	-0.77 ± 2.69	-0.80 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.68 ± 1.78	-0.73 ± 1.79	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.45	0.06 ± 0.52	0.16 ± 0.20
Australia	0.06 ± 0.33	0.09 ± 0.30	-0.09 ± 0.32
Europe	0.06 ± 2.02	0.03 ± 2.13	-0.25 ± 0.76
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.41	-0.47 ± 0.40	-0.41 ± 0.38
West Pacific Tropical	-0.00 ± 0.08	0.00 ± 0.08	0.02 ± 0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.36 ± 0.43	0.40 ± 0.41	0.40 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.34	-0.45 ± 0.32	-0.56 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.40 ± 0.27	-0.36 ± 0.27	-0.29 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.29 ± 0.32	-0.24 ± 0.30	-0.37 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.10 ± 0.15	0.10 ± 0.15	0.19 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.42 ± 0.22	-0.53 ± 0.25	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.29	-0.38 ± 0.27	-0.19 ± 0.31
Indian Tropical	0.10 ± 0.18	0.13 ± 0.21	0.16 ± 0.12
South Indian Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.25	-0.43 ± 0.24	-0.68 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2009
Northern Land	-1.93 ± 3.72	-1.94 ± 4.12	-2.00 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.21 ± 0.59	-1.07 ± 0.57	-1.07 ± 0.61
Northern	-3.14 ± 3.76	-3.00 ± 4.16	-3.08 ± 1.74
Tropical Land	0.20 ± 1.90	0.39 ± 1.96	0.35 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.55 ± 0.47	0.63 ± 0.47	0.76 ± 0.34
Tropical	0.75 ± 1.94	1.02 ± 2.01	1.11 ± 0.93
Southern Land	0.05 ± 1.35	0.14 ± 1.35	-0.00 ± 1.05
Ocean in South	-1.80 ± 0.66	-1.79 ± 0.62	-1.57 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.75 ± 1.50	-1.65 ± 1.49	-1.57 ± 1.24
Americas	-0.30 ± 2.13	-0.02 ± 2.28	-0.47 ± 1.16
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.02 ± 0.49	-1.03 ± 0.49	-0.61 ± 0.58
Eurasia and Africa	-0.08 ± 2.42	-0.03 ± 2.52	-0.10 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.30	-0.30 ± 0.31	-0.53 ± 0.26
Asia	-1.29 ± 2.97	-1.35 ± 3.31	-1.08 ± 1.35
Pacific Ocean	-0.63 ± 0.67	-0.53 ± 0.65	-0.56 ± 0.61
All Land	-1.68 ± 4.47	-1.41 ± 4.85	-1.65 ± 2.12
All Ocean	-2.46 ± 1.03	-2.23 ± 0.99	-1.89 ± 1.09
Global	-4.14 ± 4.57	-3.64 ± 4.93	-3.54 ± 2.38
North America	-0.51 ± 1.01	-0.46 ± 1.23	-0.59 ± 0.54
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.42 ± 3.57	-1.48 ± 3.93	-1.41 ± 1.53
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.81 ± 0.51	-0.71 ± 0.49	-0.79 ± 0.59
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.30 ± 0.56	-1.41 ± 0.54	-1.38 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.25 ± 2.46	0.53 ± 2.49	0.35 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.44	0.40 ± 0.43	0.42 ± 0.23
Temperate Oceans	-2.11 ± 0.74	-2.12 ± 0.71	-2.17 ± 0.81
High Latitude Oceans	-0.90 ± 0.39	-0.74 ± 0.37	-0.47 ± 0.35
Extratropical Oceans	-3.01 ± 0.86	-2.86 ± 0.82	-2.64 ± 0.95
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.25 ± 0.90	-1.17 ± 0.86	-0.81 ± 0.85
Northern Boreal Land	-1.01 ± 2.44	-0.90 ± 2.89	-0.91 ± 1.22
Northern Temperate Land	-0.92 ± 2.76	-1.04 ± 2.87	-1.09 ± 1.04
Tropical land minus northern land	2.14 ± 4.18	2.33 ± 4.58	2.35 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 2.46	-1.26 ± 2.91	-1.20 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.73 ± 2.81	-1.75 ± 2.91	-1.88 ± 1.20
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.25 ± 1.46	-1.27 ± 1.46	-1.38 ± 1.22
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.00 ± 2.60	-0.63 ± 2.62	-0.46 ± 1.60
Tropics and south minus north	2.14 ± 4.62	2.37 ± 4.96	2.61 ± 2.34
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.19 ± 4.47	2.47 ± 4.84	2.35 ± 2.12







Table 56: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2017 compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2016	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2009
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.70	1.76	1.84
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.18	0.15	0.16
Northern Africa	0.16	0.14	0.16
Southern Africa	0.14	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.21	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	3.21	2.53	2.73
Tropical Asia	0.66	0.52	0.55
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.51	1.58
North Pacific Temperate	0.36	0.32	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.09	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.06	0.05	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2009
Northern Land	6.61	6.04	6.34
Northern Oceans	0.50	0.45	0.15
Northern	7.11	6.49	6.49
Tropical Land	0.93	0.76	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.19	0.16	0.06
Tropical	1.11	0.92	0.87
Southern Land	0.42	0.38	0.39
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.01
Southern	0.46	0.42	0.40
Americas	2.02	2.04	2.12
Atlantic and Arctic	0.20	0.19	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.74	1.78	1.86
Indian Ocean	0.11	0.09	0.03
Asia	4.20	3.35	3.56
Pacific Ocean	0.41	0.37	0.12
All Land	7.96	7.17	7.54
All Ocean	0.72	0.65	0.22
Global	8.68	7.82	7.76
North America	1.73	1.79	1.86
Extratropical Eurasia	4.88	4.24	4.48
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.45	0.41	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.35	1.14	1.21
Tropical Pacific	0.04	0.03	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.49	0.45	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.54	0.49	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.23	0.20	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.24	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.35	5.80	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.68	-5.28	-5.53
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.28	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.81	6.21	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.42	0.40
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.57	1.34	1.28
Tropics and south minus north	-5.53	-5.15	-5.21
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.26	-4.90	-5.13







Table 57: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2017 compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2016	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2008
North American Boreal	-0.21 ± 0.83	-0.12 ± 1.04	-0.12 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.56	-0.35 ± 0.74	-0.60 ± 0.44
South American Tropical	0.28 ± 1.44	0.46 ± 1.52	0.17 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	-0.07 ± 1.06	0.10 ± 1.07	-0.04 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.20 ± 1.13	-0.03 ± 1.12	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 0.68	-0.02 ± 0.71	0.17 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.80 ± 2.27	-0.81 ± 2.87	-0.82 ± 1.17
Eurasia Temperate	-0.68 ± 1.78	-0.71 ± 1.83	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.45	0.08 ± 0.56	0.19 ± 0.21
Australia	0.06 ± 0.33	0.11 ± 0.31	-0.06 ± 0.31
Europe	0.06 ± 2.02	0.09 ± 2.15	-0.25 ± 0.73
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.41	-0.46 ± 0.40	-0.42 ± 0.38
West Pacific Tropical	-0.00 ± 0.08	0.00 ± 0.09	0.02 ± 0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.36 ± 0.43	0.38 ± 0.41	0.41 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.34	-0.45 ± 0.31	-0.54 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.40 ± 0.27	-0.33 ± 0.25	-0.28 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.29 ± 0.32	-0.24 ± 0.31	-0.38 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.10 ± 0.15	0.10 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.42 ± 0.22	-0.53 ± 0.26	-0.13 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.29	-0.39 ± 0.27	-0.18 ± 0.30
Indian Tropical	0.10 ± 0.18	0.12 ± 0.21	0.16 ± 0.12
South Indian Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.25	-0.42 ± 0.24	-0.67 ± 0.23
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2008
Northern Land	-1.93 ± 3.72	-1.89 ± 4.28	-2.14 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.21 ± 0.59	-1.04 ± 0.57	-1.08 ± 0.60
Northern	-3.14 ± 3.76	-2.93 ± 4.32	-3.23 ± 1.74
Tropical Land	0.20 ± 1.90	0.51 ± 2.00	0.39 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.55 ± 0.47	0.60 ± 0.48	0.78 ± 0.34
Tropical	0.75 ± 1.94	1.11 ± 2.04	1.16 ± 0.93
Southern Land	0.05 ± 1.35	0.19 ± 1.33	0.06 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-1.80 ± 0.66	-1.79 ± 0.60	-1.51 ± 0.65
Southern	-1.75 ± 1.50	-1.60 ± 1.46	-1.45 ± 1.23
Americas	-0.30 ± 2.13	0.09 ± 2.32	-0.58 ± 1.17
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.02 ± 0.49	-1.00 ± 0.50	-0.60 ± 0.57
Eurasia and Africa	-0.08 ± 2.42	0.04 ± 2.54	-0.06 ± 1.08
Indian Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.30	-0.30 ± 0.31	-0.51 ± 0.26
Asia	-1.29 ± 2.97	-1.33 ± 3.48	-1.05 ± 1.36
Pacific Ocean	-0.63 ± 0.67	-0.53 ± 0.65	-0.53 ± 0.61
All Land	-1.68 ± 4.47	-1.20 ± 4.99	-1.70 ± 2.11
All Ocean	-2.46 ± 1.03	-2.22 ± 0.98	-1.82 ± 1.08
Global	-4.14 ± 4.57	-3.42 ± 5.06	-3.52 ± 2.38
North America	-0.51 ± 1.01	-0.47 ± 1.29	-0.72 ± 0.57
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.42 ± 3.57	-1.42 ± 4.07	-1.43 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.81 ± 0.51	-0.70 ± 0.50	-0.80 ± 0.58
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.30 ± 0.56	-1.40 ± 0.53	-1.34 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.25 ± 2.46	0.69 ± 2.50	0.45 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.44	0.38 ± 0.43	0.43 ± 0.23
Temperate Oceans	-2.11 ± 0.74	-2.10 ± 0.71	-2.14 ± 0.81
High Latitude Oceans	-0.90 ± 0.39	-0.72 ± 0.36	-0.46 ± 0.34
Extratropical Oceans	-3.01 ± 0.86	-2.82 ± 0.82	-2.60 ± 0.94
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.25 ± 0.90	-1.19 ± 0.84	-0.74 ± 0.84
Northern Boreal Land	-1.01 ± 2.44	-0.93 ± 3.07	-0.94 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land	-0.92 ± 2.76	-0.96 ± 2.92	-1.20 ± 1.03
Tropical land minus northern land	2.14 ± 4.18	2.40 ± 4.73	2.53 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 2.46	-1.26 ± 3.09	-1.23 ± 1.24
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.73 ± 2.81	-1.66 ± 2.96	-2.00 ± 1.18
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.25 ± 1.46	-1.21 ± 1.43	-1.27 ± 1.21
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.00 ± 2.60	-0.49 ± 2.62	-0.29 ± 1.59
Tropics and south minus north	2.14 ± 4.62	2.44 ± 5.08	2.94 ± 2.34
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.19 ± 4.47	2.59 ± 4.97	2.59 ± 2.12







Table 58: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2017 compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2016	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2008
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.70	1.76	1.97
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.11
South American Temperate	0.18	0.15	0.15
Northern Africa	0.16	0.14	0.18
Southern Africa	0.14	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.21	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	3.21	2.44	2.64
Tropical Asia	0.66	0.50	0.51
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.43	1.51	1.64
North Pacific Temperate	0.36	0.31	0.14
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.02
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.09	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.06	0.05	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.00	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.04
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2008
Northern Land	6.61	5.94	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.50	0.44	0.19
Northern	7.11	6.39	6.55
Tropical Land	0.93	0.74	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.19	0.16	0.07
Tropical	1.11	0.90	0.88
Southern Land	0.42	0.37	0.38
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.01
Southern	0.46	0.41	0.39
Americas	2.02	2.04	2.24
Atlantic and Arctic	0.20	0.19	0.09
Eurasia and Africa	1.74	1.77	1.95
Indian Ocean	0.11	0.09	0.04
Asia	4.20	3.24	3.35
Pacific Ocean	0.41	0.36	0.15
All Land	7.96	7.05	7.55
All Ocean	0.72	0.64	0.28
Global	8.68	7.69	7.83
North America	1.73	1.79	1.98
Extratropical Eurasia	4.88	4.15	4.38
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.45	0.40	0.17
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.35	1.11	1.19
Tropical Pacific	0.04	0.03	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.49	0.44	0.18
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.02
Extratropical Oceans	0.54	0.48	0.20
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.23	0.20	0.09
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.24	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.35	5.71	6.24
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.68	-5.21	-5.55
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.28	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.81	6.11	6.41
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.41	0.39
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.57	1.30	1.28
Tropics and south minus north	-5.53	-5.08	-5.28
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.26	-4.84	-5.17







Table 59: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2017 compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2016	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2007B
North American Boreal	-0.21 ± 0.83	-0.06 ± 1.06	-0.14 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.56	-0.32 ± 0.79	-0.54 ± 0.52
South American Tropical	0.28 ± 1.44	0.45 ± 1.60	0.08 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	-0.07 ± 1.06	0.05 ± 1.10	-0.03 ± 0.76
Northern Africa	-0.20 ± 1.13	0.02 ± 1.10	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 0.68	-0.02 ± 0.70	0.21 ± 0.59
Eurasia Boreal	-0.80 ± 2.27	-0.91 ± 3.08	-0.64 ± 1.10
Eurasia Temperate	-0.68 ± 1.78	-0.66 ± 1.87	-0.32 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.45	0.07 ± 0.58	0.20 ± 0.20
Australia	0.06 ± 0.33	0.09 ± 0.31	-0.10 ± 0.31
Europe	0.06 ± 2.02	0.11 ± 2.18	-0.30 ± 0.79
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.41	-0.45 ± 0.41	-0.39 ± 0.37
West Pacific Tropical	-0.00 ± 0.08	0.01 ± 0.09	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.36 ± 0.43	0.38 ± 0.42	0.38 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.47 ± 0.34	-0.44 ± 0.31	-0.49 ± 0.45
Northern Ocean	-0.40 ± 0.27	-0.35 ± 0.26	-0.27 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.29 ± 0.32	-0.24 ± 0.31	-0.40 ± 0.39
Atlantic Tropical	0.10 ± 0.15	0.11 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.15
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.42 ± 0.22	-0.50 ± 0.25	-0.14 ± 0.23
Southern Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.29	-0.39 ± 0.27	-0.22 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.10 ± 0.18	0.13 ± 0.21	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.25	-0.40 ± 0.24	-0.64 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2007B
Northern Land	-1.93 ± 3.72	-1.84 ± 4.47	-1.94 ± 1.64
Northern Oceans	-1.21 ± 0.59	-1.03 ± 0.58	-1.05 ± 0.58
Northern	-3.14 ± 3.76	-2.88 ± 4.51	-3.00 ± 1.74
Tropical Land	0.20 ± 1.90	0.54 ± 2.04	0.30 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.55 ± 0.47	0.62 ± 0.49	0.74 ± 0.35
Tropical	0.75 ± 1.94	1.16 ± 2.08	1.05 ± 0.93
Southern Land	0.05 ± 1.35	0.13 ± 1.34	0.08 ± 1.01
Ocean in South	-1.80 ± 0.66	-1.73 ± 0.60	-1.49 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.75 ± 1.50	-1.61 ± 1.47	-1.41 ± 1.21
Americas	-0.30 ± 2.13	0.12 ± 2.43	-0.63 ± 1.21
Atlantic and Arctic	-1.02 ± 0.49	-0.97 ± 0.50	-0.62 ± 0.55
Eurasia and Africa	-0.08 ± 2.42	0.11 ± 2.54	-0.06 ± 1.10
Indian Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.30	-0.27 ± 0.31	-0.48 ± 0.26
Asia	-1.29 ± 2.97	-1.41 ± 3.68	-0.87 ± 1.30
Pacific Ocean	-0.63 ± 0.67	-0.51 ± 0.67	-0.48 ± 0.62
All Land	-1.68 ± 4.47	-1.18 ± 5.18	-1.56 ± 2.11
All Ocean	-2.46 ± 1.03	-2.15 ± 1.00	-1.80 ± 1.09
Global	-4.14 ± 4.57	-3.33 ± 5.25	-3.36 ± 2.37
North America	-0.51 ± 1.01	-0.38 ± 1.33	-0.68 ± 0.64
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.42 ± 3.57	-1.46 ± 4.25	-1.26 ± 1.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.81 ± 0.51	-0.69 ± 0.51	-0.78 ± 0.56
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.30 ± 0.56	-1.35 ± 0.53	-1.27 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.25 ± 2.46	0.67 ± 2.55	0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Pacific	0.36 ± 0.44	0.39 ± 0.44	0.40 ± 0.24
Temperate Oceans	-2.11 ± 0.74	-2.03 ± 0.72	-2.05 ± 0.79
High Latitude Oceans	-0.90 ± 0.39	-0.73 ± 0.37	-0.50 ± 0.36
Extratropical Oceans	-3.01 ± 0.86	-2.77 ± 0.82	-2.55 ± 0.93
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.25 ± 0.90	-1.12 ± 0.86	-0.75 ± 0.87
Northern Boreal Land	-1.01 ± 2.44	-0.97 ± 3.28	-0.78 ± 1.17
Northern Temperate Land	-0.92 ± 2.76	-0.87 ± 2.98	-1.16 ± 1.10
Tropical land minus northern land	2.14 ± 4.18	2.38 ± 4.92	2.25 ± 1.86
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 2.46	-1.32 ± 3.29	-1.05 ± 1.18
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.73 ± 2.81	-1.56 ± 3.02	-1.94 ± 1.24
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.25 ± 1.46	-1.22 ± 1.45	-1.19 ± 1.20
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.00 ± 2.60	-0.45 ± 2.67	-0.37 ± 1.59
Tropics and south minus north	2.14 ± 4.62	2.43 ± 5.27	2.63 ± 2.34
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	2.19 ± 4.47	2.51 ± 5.16	2.33 ± 2.12







Table 60: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2017 compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods..

	2001-2016	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2007B
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.70	1.76	1.91
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.12
South American Temperate	0.18	0.15	0.14
Northern Africa	0.16	0.13	0.17
Southern Africa	0.14	0.13	0.12
Eurasia Boreal	0.23	0.20	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	3.21	2.35	2.53
Tropical Asia	0.66	0.48	0.47
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.09
Europe	1.43	1.51	1.63
North Pacific Temperate	0.36	0.31	0.17
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.10	0.09	0.05
Atlantic Tropical	0.06	0.05	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.00	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.08
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.02
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2016	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2017	CT2017	CT2007B
Northern Land	6.61	5.85	6.18
Northern Oceans	0.50	0.44	0.26
Northern	7.11	6.28	6.44
Tropical Land	0.93	0.71	0.75
Tropical Ocean	0.19	0.16	0.12
Tropical	1.11	0.87	0.88
Southern Land	0.42	0.37	0.35
Ocean in South	0.04	0.03	0.03
Southern	0.46	0.40	0.38
Americas	2.02	2.03	2.18
Atlantic and Arctic	0.20	0.18	0.12
Eurasia and Africa	1.74	1.77	1.92
Indian Ocean	0.11	0.09	0.10
Asia	4.20	3.13	3.18
Pacific Ocean	0.41	0.36	0.19
All Land	7.96	6.93	7.29
All Ocean	0.72	0.63	0.41
Global	8.68	7.56	7.70
North America	1.73	1.79	1.92
Extratropical Eurasia	4.88	4.06	4.26
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.45	0.40	0.23
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.03
Tropical and Southern Land	1.35	1.08	1.11
Tropical Pacific	0.04	0.03	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.49	0.43	0.26
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.54	0.47	0.29
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.23	0.19	0.16
Northern Boreal Land	0.26	0.23	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.35	5.61	6.07
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.68	-5.13	-5.43
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.30	0.27	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.81	6.01	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.46	0.40	0.38
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.57	1.27	1.26
Tropics and south minus north	-5.53	-5.01	-5.17
Tropical and southern land minus northern land	-5.26	-4.76	-5.08







Table 61: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2016 compared to CT2015, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2015	2001-2014
Transcom region	CT2016	CT2016	CT2015
North American Boreal	-0.14 ± 0.87	-0.15 ± 0.89	-0.13 ± 0.86
North American Temperate	-0.35 ± 0.90	-0.35 ± 0.90	-0.36 ± 0.91
South American Tropical	0.17 ± 1.61	0.17 ± 1.61	0.36 ± 1.58
South American Temperate	-0.11 ± 0.86	-0.11 ± 0.85	-0.14 ± 0.86
Northern Africa	-0.19 ± 1.32	-0.19 ± 1.33	-0.16 ± 1.40
Southern Africa	0.11 ± 0.64	0.12 ± 0.65	-0.09 ± 0.69
Eurasia Boreal	-1.00 ± 4.23	-0.99 ± 4.18	-0.98 ± 4.23
Eurasia Temperate	-0.43 ± 1.61	-0.42 ± 1.58	-0.53 ± 1.60
Tropical Asia	0.09 ± 0.68	0.08 ± 0.68	0.24 ± 0.70
Australia	0.12 ± 0.25	0.13 ± 0.26	0.09 ± 0.27
Europe	0.10 ± 2.30	0.08 ± 2.30	0.06 ± 2.32
North Pacific Temperate	-0.55 ± 0.51	-0.56 ± 0.52	-0.54 ± 0.50
West Pacific Tropical	-0.01 ± 0.10	-0.00 ± 0.10	0.00 ± 0.10
East Pacific Tropical	0.43 ± 0.42