Analysis of samples

The 12-pack is sent back to NOAA/ESRL in Boulder, CO, for analysis of as many as 55 trace gases. The gases fall into four broad categories including: greenhouse gases, carbon isotopes, halocarbons and hydrocarbons.

Analysis system for aircraft samples.

Greenhouse Gases

The greenhouse gases are measured by the Measurement of Atmospheric Gases that Influence Climate Change (MAGICC) system on one of two nearly-identical automated analytical systems. The MAGICC systems consist of custom-made gas inlet systems, gas-specific analyzers, and system-control software. The gas inlet systems use a series of stream selection valves to select a specific flask or standard reference gas mixture. Before opening a flask the flask manifold and sample inlet line are evacuated to 40 Pa to ensure that there is no residual gas in the manifold when the flask valve is open. Once the flask valve is open, about 450 ml of sample gas pass through a cold trap maintained at ~-80°C for drying and into one of five trace-gas analyzers. The first 100 ml of each flask sample going into the MAGICC systems is used to flush the sample line and manifold after the evacuation. The second ~50ml of sample flows into a gas chromatograph (GC), which uses an electron capture detector to measure N₂O and SF₆ with a repeatability of 0.4 ppb and 0.03 ppt respectively (Dlugokencky et al., in preparation, 2010). The third ~50 ml of sample is diverted to a second GC, where pulsed-discharge He ionization isolates H₂ before detection, providing a precision of ±0.4 ppb for H₂ (Novelli et al., 2009). Two instruments are currently used to measure CO, however individual flasks are not measured on both. CO is also determined by either resonance fluorescence at ~150 nm with a precision of ±0.4 ppb, or by UV absorption spectroscopy with precision ~ 1 ppb (Novelli et al., 1998).

Long-term comparison of the two systems show the GC and fluorescence measurements agree within ~ 1 ppb. A fourth ~50 ml aliquot of sample is diverted to a GC analyzer for flame-ionization detection of CH₄ with a precision of ±1.2 ppb (Dlugokencky et al., 1994). Finally, a non-dispersive infrared analyzer measures the last 100 ml of sample for CO₂ with a precision of ±0.03 ppm (Conway et al., 1994). The precision of each instrument is determined from 1 standard deviation of ~20 aliquots of natural air measured from a cylinder, except for N₂O, which is determined as 1 standard deviation of the mean absolute difference of pairs of samples collected simultaneously in network flasks. Assessed the same way as the other species, instrument precision for N₂O is ~0.2 ppb but because there does seem to be a decrease in the reproducibility between flasks, this is reported reproducibility. All measurements are reported as dry air mole fractions relative to internally consistent standard scales maintained at NOAA. We use the following abbreviations for measured mole fractions: ppm = µmol mol^-1, ppb = nmol mol^-1, and ppt = pmol mol^-1.

Halocarbons and hydrocarbons

More than 50 halocarbons, hydrocarbons and sulfur containing trace gases have also been measured at many of the aircraft sites. These measurements are in integral part of the data quality control. The gases are measured using a GC/mass spectrometric technique that requires ~200 ml aliquots from each flask. Each sample is pre-concentrated with a cryogenic trap near liquid nitrogen temperatures. Analytes desorbed at ~140°C are then separated by temperature-programmed GC column (combination 25m x 0.25mm DB5 and 30m x 0.25mm Gaspro), followed by detection with mass spectrometry to monitor compound-specific ion mass to charge ratios. Flask sample responses are calibrated versus whole air working reference gases which, in turn, are calibrated with respect to gravimetric primary standards (NOAA scales: CFC-11 on NOAA-1992, CFC-12 on NOAA-2001, HFC-134a on NOAA-1995, benzene on NOAA-2006 and all other hydrocarbons (besides methane) on NOAA-2008). Absolute uncertainties for analyses reported here are <5%.

Isotopes

Analysis system for isotopes CO₂ in aircraft samples.

A subset of 12-pack flasks is also analyzed for isotopes of CO₂ at the University of Colorado INSTAAR Stable Isotope Lab. An automated analysis system allows a ~450 cm³ sample to be analyzed for ¹³C/¹²C ratio of CO₂ (±0.02&permil) and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratio of CO₂ (±0.04&permil) (Vaughn et al., 2004). As with the MAGICC system, the manifold of each 12-pack is evacuated before the flask valve is opened. The whole air sample flows at 40 cm³/min through one cold trap (-90 °C) to dry samples and a second cold trap (-196 °C) to extract CO₂ from whole air sample. The extracted CO₂ is then released into a dual inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Isoprime, Elementar, Middlewich, U.K.) and compared against a working reference, which is extracted from whole air collected at Niwot Ridge, CO. Working references have been linked to the VPDB-CO₂ scale by comparison with CO₂ evolved from carbonate primary standards (Coplen, 1995). Up to 4 of the programmable flask packages can be automatically analyzed for isotopes in a 24-hour period on the instrument.

A smaller subset of samples is measured for ¹⁴C/¹²C ratio of CO₂. The high precision measurements, also denoted as ¹⁴CO₂, are made through a combination of effort at the University of Colorado INSTAAR Laboratory for AMS Radiocarbon Preparation and Research (NSRL) and the accelerator mass spectrometer at University of California at Irvine. The process begins by: (a) extracting the CO₂ from whole air, using a cryogenic extraction system [Turnbull et al., 2009]; (b) reducing the CO₂ to elemental graphite over Fe catalyst with Mg(ClO₄)₂ to remove water; and (c) making the ¹⁴C measurement with a high-count accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) (Turnbull et al. 2007).